2004-1-25
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
Welcome to THIS IS AMERICA, in VOA Special English. I'm Steve
Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Faith Lapidus. This week,
learn about a campaign to let the public back inside one of
America's most famous symbols, the Statue of Liberty.
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
Before September eleventh, two-thousand-one, two-million people a
year visited Liberty Island in New York Harbor. Then, terrorist
hijackers flew airplanes into the World Trade Center buildings three
kilometers away. The attacks by al Qaeda on the United States that
day killed more than three-thousand people.
Liberty Island closed immediately. The island reopened in
December of that year. But not the great landmark. People still
cannot go inside the statue. Attendance at the island was down five
percent last year.
Officials say the statue must be made more secure. New
communication systems are needed in case of fire or other emergency.
And more emergency doors to get visitors out safely.
VOICE TWO:
A five-million-dollar campaign is in progress to reopen the
Statue of Liberty. To help lead the effort, movie director Martin
Scorsese [score-ZAY-zay] made a television movie for the History
Channel. The movie is called "Lady by the Sea: The Statue of
Liberty."
The goal is to get the public to give at least one-million
dollars to add to improvements already made by the government.
The American Express company paid for the movie, and Mister
Scorsese gave his time. American Express also has guaranteed at
least three-million dollars to the Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island
Foundation. The Folger's coffee company has promised one-million
dollars.
The foundation cares for Liberty Island and nearby Ellis Island.
The nonprofit group works in cooperation with the National Park
Service.
Ellis Island served for many years as the main immigration center
for people who arrived in America. Now parts of it are a museum.
Ellis Island was closed after September eleventh. But, like Liberty
Island, it has been open again since December of two-thousand-one.
VOICE ONE:
In his movie, Martin Scorsese explains the spirit of cooperation
with France that brought the Statue of Liberty to the United States.
"Lady by the Sea" also celebrates the idea that the statue was meant
as a way to mark the end of slavery in the American South. The
Frenchman who had the idea for the statue was against slavery. But
today, others argue that any relationship to slavery was lost as the
project moved ahead.
In any case, the Statue of Liberty has special meaning for Martin
Scorsese. He says it had a great effect on his grandparents. Like so
many immigrants, they saw it when they first arrived from Italy
early in the last century.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
People like to say the Statue of Liberty is in good condition for
someone her age. France gave the statue to the United States in
eighteen-eighty-four. The full name is "Liberty Enlightening the
World." Ships that sailed into New York Harbor carried millions of
immigrants past the statue.
The statue is forty-six meters tall. It is made mostly of copper.
The color was reddish-brown, until time and weather turned it green.
Liberty's right arm is high in the air and holds a torch, a golden
light. Her left hand holds a tablet with the date July fourth,
seventeen-seventy-six -- the date of the American Declaration of
Independence.
VOICE ONE:
On the head of the Statue of Liberty is a crown with seven
points. Each of these rays is meant to represent the light of
freedom as it shines on seven seas and seven continents. A chain
that represents oppression lies broken at her feet. The people of
France gave the Statue of Liberty to the United States as a gift to
honor freedom.
The two nations became friends during the American Revolution
against Britain. France helped the revolutionary armies defeat the
soldiers of King George the Third. The war officially ended in
seventeen-eighty-three. A few years later, the French rebelled
against their own king.
VOICE TWO:
A French historian and politician named Edouard-Rene Lefebvre de
Laboulaye thought of the idea for a statue. He was giving a party in
his home near Versailles in eighteen-sixty-five. This was the year
the American Civil War ended. Slavery also ended in the United
States.
It was a time when Laboulaye and others were struggling to make
their own country democratic against the rule of Napoleon the Third.
Laboulaye suggested that the French and Americans build a monument
together to celebrate freedom.
One of the guests at the party was a young sculptor, Frederic
Auguste Bartholdi. For years Bartholdi had dreamed of creating a
very large statue. By the end of the party he had been invited to
make one for the United States.
VOICE ONE:
In eighteen-seventy-five the French established an organization
to raise money for Bartholdi's creation. Two years later the
Americans established a group to help pay for a pedestal to support
the statue.
American architect Richard Morris Hunt was chosen to design the
pedestal. It would stand forty-seven meters high. In France,
Bartholdi designed a small version of his statue. Then he built a
series of larger copies.
Workers created wooden forms covered with plaster for each main
part. Then they placed three-hundred pieces of copper on the forms.
The copper "skin" was less than three centimeters thick.
(MUSIC)
VOICE TWO:
Now, in addition to a pedestal, the Statue of Liberty needed a
structure that could hold its weight of more than two-hundred tons.
Engineer Alexandre Gustave Eiffel created this new technology. Later
he would build the Eiffel Tower in Paris.
Eiffel and his helpers worked in Paris to produce a strong
support system for the statue. The design also needed to let the
statue move a little in strong winds.
France had hoped to give the statue to the United States on July
fourth, eighteen-seventy-six. That was the one-hundredth anniversary
of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. But technical
problems and lack of money delayed the project by eight years.
VOICE ONE:
At last France presented the statue to the United States. The
celebration took place in Paris on July fourth,
eighteen-eighty-four. Americans started to build the pedestal that
same year. But they had to stop. People had not given enough money
to finish it.
A New York newspaper urged Americans to give more money for the
pedestal. People gave one-hundred-thousand dollars more.
Now the huge statue had a pedestal to stand on. In France, the
statue was taken apart for shipping to the United States. It arrived
in two-hundred-fourteen wooden boxes.
VOICE TWO:
On October twenty-eighth, eighteen-eighty-six, President Grover
Cleveland officially accepted Liberty Enlightening the World. He
said: "We will not forget that Liberty has here made her home."
Over the years Americans shortened the name of the statue. They
called it the Statue of Liberty, or Miss Liberty.
VOICE ONE:
Twelve-million immigrants passed the Statue of Liberty by ship
between eighteen-ninety-two and nineteen twenty-four. By then, Ellis
Island had stopped much of its operations. The great wave of
European immigrants was mostly over.
But millions of visitors kept coming to see the Statue of
Liberty. By the nineteen-eighties, the statue badly needed repairs.
Again people on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean raised money.
Fireworks lit the sky at the celebration for the restored Statue of
Liberty on July fourth, nineteen-eighty-six.
VOICE TWO:
Even if the current campaign gathers enough money, there is still
another step before the Statue of Liberty can reopen. The National
Park Service must get permission within the government.
Liberty Island is open to visitors. But many people look forward
to the day when they can again visit the museum inside the pedestal.
Some want to climb the three-hundred-fifty-four steps to the crown.
Others want to ride up to observation areas in an elevator to look
at New York Harbor.
They say a symbol of freedom that has welcomed so many newcomers
to America should once again welcome visitors inside.
(THEME)
VOICE ONE:
Jerilyn Watson wrote our program, and Caty Weaver produced it.
I'm Steve Ember.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Faith Lapidus. Join us again next week for another report
about life in the United States on the VOA Special English program,
THIS IS AMERICA.