2004-2-7
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VOICE ONE:
I'm Rich Kleinfeldt.
VOICE TWO:
And I'm Shirley Griffith with the VOA Special English program,
People in America. Today we finish the story of Robert Frost and his
poetry.
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VOICE ONE:
When Robert Frost left the United
States in nineteen-twelve he was an unknown writer. When he returned
from Britain three years later he was on his way to becoming one of
America's most honored writers. Publishers who had rejected his
books now competed against each other to publish them.
Unlike many poets of his time Frost wrote in traditional forms.
He said that not using them was like playing a game that had no
rules. He joined the rules of the form with the naturalness of
common speech. Other poets before him had tried to do this, but none
with Frost's skill.
VOICE TWO:
The common speech Frost used had the words and way of speaking
that could be easily seen as American. For example, a poem called
"The Death of the Hired Man" begins:
NARRATOR:
Mary sat musing on the lamp-flame at the table
Waiting for Warren. When she heard his step,
She ran on tip-toe down the darkened passage
To meet him in the doorway with the news
And put him on his guard. 'Silas is back.'
Frost is telling a story about an
old farm worker named Silas. The discussion between Warren and Mary
continues:
NARRATOR:
She pushed him outward with her through the door
And shut it after her. 'Be kind,' she said.
She took the market things from Warren's arms
And set them on the porch, then drew him down
To sit beside her on the wooden steps.
VOICE TWO:
Warren says:
NARRATOR:
'When was I ever anything but kind to him.
But I'll not have the fellow back,' he said.
'I told him so last haying, didn't I?
If he left then, I said, that ended it. '
VOICE TWO:
And Mary says:
NARRATOR:
'He's worn out. He's asleep beside the stove.
When I came up from Rowe's I found him here,
Huddled against the barn-door fast asleep. . . .
VOICE ONE:
Through the discussion between Warren and Mary the reader
discovers more and more about Silas. In some ways he is a good
worker, but he usually disappears when he is most needed. He does
not earn much money. He has his own ideas about the way farm work
should be done. And he has his own ideas about himself. Instead of
asking for help from his rich brother, Silas has come to Warren and
Mary. She says:
NARRATOR:
... He has come home to die:
You needn't be afraid he'll leave you this time. '
'Home,' He mocked gently.
VOICE ONE:
She answers:
NARRATOR:
'Yes, what else but home?
'Home is the place where, when you go there,
They have to take you in. '
VOICE ONE:
Without ever having Silas speak, Frost has made the reader know
this tired old man, who has come to die in the only home he has. In
the final lines of the poem the story of Silas is completed. Mary
says:
NARRATOR:
'I made the bed up for him there tonight.
You'll be surprised at him--how much he's broken.
His working days are done; I'm sure of it.
Go, look, see for yourself. '
Warren returned--too soon, it seemed to her,
Slipped to her side, caught up her hand and waited.
'Warren?' she questioned.
'Dead,' was all he answered.
VOICE ONE:
The poem tells of the understanding that Mary and Warren have for
a man who has worked for them for many years. The poem also presents
a sadness that Frost repeats many times.
VOICE TWO:
Frost was like an earlier New England writer and thinker, Ralph
Waldo Emerson. They never were good at joining others in programs or
movements. Frost was politically conservative and avoided movements
of the left or right. He did this not because he did not support
their beliefs, but because they were group projects.
In the poem "Mending Wall" the speaker and his neighbor walk
together along a wall, repairing the damage caused by winter
weather:
NARRATOR:
Something there is that doesn't love a wall,
That sends the frozen-ground-swell under it,
And spills the upper boulders in the sun;
And makes gaps even two can pass abreast.
No one has seen them made or heard them made,
But at spring mending time we find them there.
I let my neighbor know beyond the hill;
And on a day we meet and walk the line
And set the wall between us once again.
We keep the wall between us as we go.
VOICE TWO:
The speaker questions his neighbor who says, "Good fences make
good neighbors. " The speaker says:
NARRATOR:
Before I built a wall I'd ask to know
What I was walling in or walling out,
And to whom I was like to give offense.
VOICE ONE:
Frost's later poetry shows little change or development from his
earlier writing. It confirms what he had established in such early
books as ?North of Boston.? For example, a poem called "Birches,"
written in nineteen-sixteen begins:
NARRATOR:
When I see birches bend to left and right
Across the lines of straighter darker trees,
I like to think some boy's been swinging them.
But swinging doesn't bend them down to stay
As ice storms do.
VOICE ONE:
And it ends:
NARRATOR:
I'd like to go by climbing a birch tree,
And climb black branches up a snow-white trunk
Toward heaven, till the tree could bear no more,
But dipped its top and set me down again.
That would be good both going and coming back.
One could do worse than be a swinger of birches.
VOICE TWO:
In the nature poems there is often a comparison between what the
poet sees and what he feels. It is what Frost in one poem calls the
difference between "outer and inner weather. " Under the common
speech of the person saying the poem is a dark picture of the world.
In "The Road Not Taken" he says:
NARRATOR:
Two roads diverged in a yellow wood,
And sorry I could not travel both
And be one traveler, long I stood
And looked down one as far as I could
To where it bent in the undergrowth;
Then took the other, as just as fair,
And having perhaps the better claim,
Because it was grassy and wanted wear;
Though as for that the passing there
Had worn them really about the same,
And both that morning equally lay
In leaves no step had trodden black.
Oh, I kept the first for another day!
Yet knowing how way leads on to way,
I doubted if I should ever come back.
I shall be telling this with a sigh
Somewhere ages and ages hence:
Two roads diverged in a wood, and I--
I took the one less traveled by,
And that has made all the difference.
VOICE ONE:
Among Frost's nature poems, there are more about winter than
about any other season. Even the poems about spring, autumn, or
summer remember winter. They are not poems about happiness found in
nature. They are moments of resistance to time and its changes. And
even the poems that tell stories are mainly pictures of people who
are alone.
Frost shared with Emerson the idea that everybody was a separate
individual, and that groups weakened individuals. But where Emerson
and those who followed him looked at God and saw a creator, Frost
saw what he says is "no expression, nothing to express. " Frost sees
the world as a "desert place. "
In a poem called "Desert Places," he says:
NARRATOR:
Snow falling and night falling fast, oh, fast
In a field I looked into going past,
And the ground almost covered smooth in snow,
But a few weeds and stubble showing last.
The woods around it have it--it is theirs.
All animals are smothered in their lairs.
I am too absent-spirited to count;
The loneliness includes me unawares.
And lonely as it is that loneliness
Will be more lonely ere it will be less--
A blanker whiteness of benighted snow
With no expression, nothing to express.
They cannot scare me with their empty spaces
Between stars--on stars where no human race is.
I have it in me so much nearer home
To scare myself with my own desert places.
VOICE TWO:
Frost received almost every honor a writer could receive. He won
the Pulitzer Prize for literature four times. In nineteen-sixty,
Congress voted Frost a gold medal for what he had given to the
culture of the United States.
In the last years of his life, Frost was no longer producing
great poetry, but he represented the value of poetry in human life.
He often taught, and he gave talks. Usually he would be asked to
read his best known poem, "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening:"
NARRATOR:
Whose woods these are I think I know
His house is in the village though;
He will not see me stopping here
To watch his woods fill up with snow.
My little horse must think it queer
To stop without a farmhouse near
Between the woods and frozen lake
The darkest evening of the year.
He gives his harness bells a shake
To ask if there is some mistake.
The only other sound's the sweep
Of easy wind and downy flake.
The woods are lovely, dark and deep.
But I have promises to keep,
And miles to go before I sleep,
And miles to go before I sleep.
VOICE ONE:
Robert Frost died in nineteen-sixty-three. He had lived for
almost one-hundred years, and had covered many miles before he
slept, many miles before he slept.
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VOICE TWO:
This VOA Special English program, People in America, was written
by Richard Thorman and produced by Lawan Davis. Robert Frost's
poetry was read by Shep O'Neal. Your narrators were Rich Kleinfeldt
and Shirley Griffith.