2004-9-7
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VOICE ONE:
This is Faith Lapidus.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember with EXPLORATIONS in VOA Special English.
Today, we finish our series of programs about the Wonders of the
World. In earlier programs, we told about ancient structures and
beautiful natural places. Today we tell about modern structures that
are Wonders of the World.
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VOICE ONE:
Any list of modern wonders should include some of the buildings
in the great cities of the world. An example in New York City is the
Empire State Building. For many years, it was the tallest building
in the world. Today, the Sears Tower in Chicago, Illinois and the
Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia are taller.
These buildings are important to any list. However, the modern
wonders we have selected have changed history. They are important
because they made life safer or easier or were useful to a great
number of people. We begin with two similar structures in two very
different parts of the world.
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VOICE TWO:
More than three thousand years ago, an ancient king of Egypt
ordered that a river be built to connect the Mediterranean Sea and
the Red Sea. This kind of man-made river is called a canal.
Ancient evidence shows the work
was done and a canal was built. Experts believe it was possible for
small boats of that time to travel from the Mediterranean Sea to the
Red Sea. Some evidence shows the Nile River may have been used for
part of the canal. However, the ancient people of Egypt did not keep
this canal in use. As years passed, the sands of the great deserts
of Egypt closed the small canal.
As the centuries passed, many people thought it would be a good
idea to rebuild the canal. The problem was the huge cost. But the
cost could not be compared to the cost of a ship that had to sail
from ports on the Atlantic Ocean to ports in Asia. Ships had to sail
around the Cape of Good Hope, the most southern part of the
continent of Africa.
VOICE ONE:
A French engineer planned and directed the modern canal
connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. His name was
Ferdinand de Lesseps. Egyptian workers began building the canal in
eighteen fifty-nine.
It was opened and named the Suez Canal during a ceremony on
November seventeenth, eighteen sixty-nine. The Suez Canal is about
one hundred sixty-three kilometers long and about sixty meters wide.
The Suez Canal has been closed several times because of war or
political problems. Today, the Suez Canal is still important. Ships
pay money to use the canal. That money is important to the economy
of Egypt. The canal saves shipping companies a great deal of time
and money because it is the fastest crossing from the Atlantic Ocean
to the Indian Ocean.
VOICE TWO:
Our next Modern Wonder of the World is also a canal -- the Panama
Canal. It connects the Atlantic Ocean with the Pacific Ocean. Before
it was built, ships often had to spend several weeks traveling
around Cape Horn at the end of South America. Many ships were lost
in great storms in that dangerous area.
Spanish explorer Vasco Nunez de Balboa and his men were the first
Europeans to travel through the thick jungles in Panama from the
Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Coast. That was in fifteen thirteen.
Panama quickly became a major shipping area for the Spanish. Their
ships from the colonies in the Western Hemisphere and from Asia
brought treasure to the Pacific Coast. The treasure was taken
overland to the city of Portobelo on the Atlantic Side.
The idea of building a way to connect the two great oceans began
with the Spanish explorers. They saw the need for a canal to speed
up delivery of their cargo. However, it was impossible to build. The
machines needed to build something as big as a canal did not exist.
VOICE ONE:
In eighteen seventy-nine, a French Company tried to build a canal
across Panama. It failed. The company did not have enough money to
complete the project. Also, thousands of men working on the project
died of the disease Yellow Fever.
In nineteen hundred, an American army doctor, Walter Reed, and
his research team discovered that mosquito insects carried the virus
that caused Yellow Fever. They worked on methods to destroy the
mosquito population.
This development helped make possible an American effort to build
the Panama Canal. Panama and the United States signed treaties in
nineteen-oh-three and work began on the canal. More than eighty
thousand men worked on the huge effort. They made a canal about
eighty kilometers long from the Atlantic to the Pacific.
On August fifteenth, nineteen
fourteen, the ship S-S Ancon became the first ship to sail through
the new canal. Today, about thirteen thousand ships pass through the
canal each year. That number represents about five percent of the
world's trade. Both the Suez and the Panama Canals are truly modern
Wonders of the World. Both make it possible to safely move from one
great ocean to another. And, both save huge amounts of time and
money.
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VOICE TWO:
The two great canals we have discussed connect oceans. Our next
great Wonder of the World connects land.
This connecting device is called the Channel Tunnel, or
"Chunnel." It connects the island that is Britain with France. It
was one of the largest and most difficult construction projects ever
attempted. It is a three-tunnel railroad from Calais, France to
Folkestone, England. The tunnels are fifty kilometers long. They
were built about forty-five meters below the earth under the English
Channel. Two of the tunnels carry trains and one is used for repair
work and emergencies.
VOICE ONE:
The idea of a tunnel connecting Britain with other nations of
Europe was first proposed to the French Emperor Napoleon in the
early eighteen hundreds. However it was never a serious idea. The
technology to make such a tunnel did not exist. But people dreamed
of such a tunnel. Crossing the English Channel by ship was often a
terrible trip because of storms.
Three serious attempts were made to build the tunnel. The first
two failed. Political differences between France and Britain stopped
the first attempt. Financial problems stopped the second.
VOICE TWO:
The third and successful attempt to build the Chunnel began in
nineteen eighty-seven after France and Britain signed an agreement.
It took seven years to finish the work. To complete the tunnels,
construction workers had to move more than seventeen million tons of
earth. The cost was more than thirteen thousand million dollars. The
Chunnel opened in nineteen ninety-four.
Today, the Chunnel is very busy.
High-speed trains carry cars, trucks and passengers from Britain to
France and back again. The trains are famous for their smooth, quiet
ride. The money paid for the trip is slowly paying for the huge
cost.
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VOICE ONE:
Our last modern Wonder of the World has not yet been completed.
It is perhaps the largest construction project ever attempted. It is
the Three Gorges Dam Project in China's Hubei Province. Some experts
say it is the largest attempted construction project since the
ancient Chinese built the Great Wall of China.
The Three Gorges Dam is being built to produce power and control
China's Yangtze River. The Yangtze is the third longest river in the
world. It is famous for the terrible floods it has caused. Some
reports say more than one million people have been killed in Yangtze
floods in the past one hundred years.
VOICE TWO:
The Three Gorges Dam will not be finished until two thousand
nine. Work began in nineteen ninety-three. About two hundred fifty
thousand workers are involved in the project. Experts say the huge
dam will cost about twenty-five thousand million dollars. When
finished it will be about one hundred eighty-one meters high.
The dam will create a huge lake about six hundred thirty-two
square kilometers. Some critics say the dam will harm the
environment and damage historical areas. More than one million
people will have to be resettled before the dam is finished. The
completed dam will produce large amounts of electric power. Chinese
government officials say it will lead to increased economic
development in cities near the dam. And China says the terrible
floods caused by the Yangtze will be memories of the past.
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VOICE ONE:
This program was written by Paul Thompson. It was produced by
Mario Ritter. This is Faith Lapidus.
VOICE TWO:
And this is Steve Ember. Join us again next week for another
EXPLORATIONS program in VOA Special English.