TPO 54. The Salton Sea in California is actually a salty inland lake. The level of salt in the lake's water—what scientists call its salinity—has been increasing steadily for years because the lake's water is evaporating faster than it is being replaced by rainfall or rivers. If the trend continues, the lake's water will soon become so salty that the lake will be unable to support fish and bird populations. The lake would then become essentially a dead zone. Fortunately, there are several ways to reverse the trend that is threatening the lake's health.
One option is direct removal of salt from the lake's water in special desalination facilities. Water from the lake would be pumped into the facilities and heated. This would cause the water to evaporate into steam, while salt and other materials dissolved in the water would be left behind. The steam would then be cooled down and returned to the lake as salt-free water. Gradually, the high salt levels would be reduced and the lake’s overall health would be restored.
Another possible solution is to dilute the salt level in the lake with water from the ocean. Since water in the Pacific Ocean is 20 percent less salty than water in the lake, bringing ocean water into the lake would decrease the lake’s salinity. The ocean water could be delivered through pipelines or canals.
Yet another solution would be to control the lake's salinity by constructing walls to divide the lake into several sections. In the smaller sections, salinity would be allowed to increase. However, in the main and largest section, salinity would be reduced and controlled by, among other things, directing all the freshwater from small rivers in the area to flow into that main section of the lake.
题目音频：
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Now listen to part of a lecture on the topic you just read about.
It would be great if we could stop the lake salt level from increasing and save its fish and bird populations. But the solutions you just read about aren't realistic or practical.
First, sure, taking salt out of the lake by desalination would reduce salinity, but it would present some serious problems as well. For example, as you've read, water pumped into desalination facilities evaporates and leaves behind solid materials that would dissolve in the water. Well, the solid materials that desalination facilities leave behind would pose a health risk. The materials will be mostly salt, but they would also include other types of chemicals. Some of the chemicals would be toxic, like selenium. If the wind spread selenium and other chemicals into the air and people breathe them in, that would be very dangerous to people's health.
Second, the idea of bringing ocean water into the lake, again, this would reduce salinity. But as you've read, it would require constructing pipelines or canals. The problem is that the local government may not have enough resources to pay for such major construction. The nearest shoreline of the Pacific Ocean is 100 kilometers away. Pipelines and canals are very expensive to build over such long distances.
As for the third solution, dividing the lake into sections by building a system of walls. Well, that's unlikely to work for very long. That's because the Salton Seas is located in a region that experiences frequent and sometimes intense geological activity, like earthquakes. That activity would almost certainly destroy the walls separating the different sections. So while this solution might work for a short while, the walls would likely collapse the first time there is a major earthquake. And water from the special sections with high salinity would mix back in with the low-salinity salinity from the main section.
The lecturer deals with the issue of the solution to descend the salinity of the Salton Sea which explored by the reading material. However, the professor argues that it is unrealistic to cope with the problem by the approaches in the reading. In the lecture, the speaker presents sufficient evidence to support her ideas.
First of all, the speaker begins by stating that reversing the trend by utilizing special desalination facilities can be risky to humans' health in some cases, which contradicts the statement in the reading. It is because that the remaining materials in the facilities can be unhealthy to peaple. Some chemicals can be toxic and if they are released into the air, it can cause danger to humans' health.
Moreover, the speaker claims that it is expensive for some governments to dilute the salinity in the lake with the help of ocean water. She supports her view by pointing out the fact that the distance between the lake and the ocean can be farther than 100 kilometers, so that the pipe lines between them can be money-consuming and could not be affordable for the government. This contradicts the counterpart in the reading.
In addition, the speaker asserts that dividing the third solution by dividing the lake through walls into several sections which claimed in the reading material can also be impractical. She states that this approach can be somehow temporary. In other word, an earthquake can easily destroy them by making the walls collapse.
In conclusion, the speaker clearly pinpionts the weaknesses in the reading material and convincingly proves that the solutions provided in the reading are indefensible.
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...roy them by making the walls collapse. In conclusion, the speaker clearly pinpi...
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, moreover, so, third, in addition, in conclusion, first of all, in some cases
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1379.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 271.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.08856088561 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.79499773947 2.5805825403 108% => OK
Unique words: 139.0 145.348785872 96% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.512915129151 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 418.5 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 2.5761589404 155% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.6046185416 49.2860985944 115% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.076923077 110.228320801 96% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.8461538462 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.84615384615 7.06452816374 111% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 1.0 4.27373068433 23% => More facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.2468980232 0.272083759551 91% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0808304466956 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.076798611552 0.0662205650399 116% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.122698578119 0.162205337803 76% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0964886149557 0.0443174109184 218% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.0 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.24 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.0 8.42419426049 107% => OK
difficult_words: 75.0 63.6247240618 118% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.