The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperatures in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disruption of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth’s climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream current. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
The article illustrates that there are three possible causes of the little Ice age, which lasted from 1350-1900 C.E., while the lecturer disputes those ideas with several proofs.
According to the article, the Ice Age may cause by disruption of ocean currents, since the freshwater disrupt the Gulf Stream. In contrast, the professor in the lecture maintains that this reason is not convincing. He advances the theory by saying that, the Gulf Stream only appears in Europe and North America, however, the Little Ice Age also occurs in southern semisphere, such as New zeland and South Africa. Thus, the disruption of the ocean currents cannot explain the worldwide Little Ice Age.
In addition, the writer holds that it is the reason of volcanic eruption, because the dust and sulfur gas block the sunlight. However, the professor casts doubt on the opinion mentioned in the passage. He states that enough gas does block the sunlight, but when gases are strong enough, there should be other visible evidence. To be exact, if several volcanoes erupted, the color of the sunset would become colorful, and the snow will become gray or brown instead of being white. However, people in that time did not see big changes. So the theory is not strong enough.
Finally, it is depicted in the reading that substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate, because more trees start growing. Nevertheless, the speaker refutes that even though the human's population had decreased, but it increased back very soon. Therefore, human cut more trees to support the growing population. As a result, the forest did not have a long time to grow up, so it cannot decrease the world temperature.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 240, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'humans'' or 'human's'?
Suggestion: humans'; human's
...he speaker refutes that even though the humans population had decreased, but it increa...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, may, nevertheless, so, therefore, thus, while, in addition, in contrast, such as, as a result
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1453.0 1373.03311258 106% => OK
No of words: 287.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 5.06271777003 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11595363751 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.53193853957 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.627177700348 0.540411800872 116% => OK
syllable_count: 441.0 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 6.0 1.25165562914 479% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.84470799 49.2860985944 95% => OK
Chars per sentence: 96.8666666667 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.1333333333 21.698381199 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.4 7.06452816374 119% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 7.0 4.45695364238 157% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.113108012923 0.272083759551 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0314969851312 0.0996497079465 32% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0483889331229 0.0662205650399 73% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0759259901615 0.162205337803 47% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0635619811056 0.0443174109184 143% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 13.3589403974 90% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.82 8.42419426049 105% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 63.6247240618 121% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.