Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus' surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
The reading passage condemns the possibility of maintaining a permanent power station on the surface of Venus. However, the lecture debates this for the following reasons.
Firstly, the author mentions that the atmospheric pressure in Venus is ninety times larger than the Earth’s atmospheric. Thus, the spacecraft that landed on the surface was crushed by the tremendous atmospheric pressure of Venus. Accordingly, the power station can’t be maintained on the surface. Meanwhile, the professor refutes this and states that the atmospheric pressure of the air on Venus is much lower than on the surface. Thus, Humans can establish a station that is floating in the air away from the danger of being crushed if established on the surface of Venus.
Secondly, the writer highlights the fact that there are no water reservoirs on the surface nor oxygen in the air. So, it will be impractical to provide water and oxygen from Earth due to the lack of the main constituents of life on Venus. Nevertheless, the lecturer challenges this and mentions that carbon, nitrogen, and sulphuric acid present in the Venus atmosphere can be used in chemical processes in the power station to produce water and oxygen. Therefore, it is not necessary to enforce them from Earth.
Lastly, the author states that carbon dioxide clouds cause the reflection of 60% of the sunlight back to space. So, No enough light to operate the solar-powered cells. On the contrary, the professor believes that carbon dioxide clouds allow more than enough sunlight to reach the surface. This sunlight could be used efficiently to generate a solar-powered cell.
To sum up, the professor finds the reasons mentioned not well-founded and invalid
Transition Words or Phrases used:
accordingly, first, firstly, however, if, lastly, nevertheless, second, secondly, so, therefore, thus, well, while, on the contrary, to sum up
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 15.0 22.412803532 67% => OK
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1439.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 278.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17625899281 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08329915638 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.82176074998 2.5805825403 109% => OK
Unique words: 141.0 145.348785872 97% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.507194244604 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 441.9 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 39.1483057584 49.2860985944 79% => OK
Chars per sentence: 89.9375 110.228320801 82% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.375 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.875 7.06452816374 126% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.157016719773 0.272083759551 58% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0521814485389 0.0996497079465 52% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0491069185809 0.0662205650399 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0770981960057 0.162205337803 48% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0512076200357 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.7 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.47 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.51 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 71.0 63.6247240618 112% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.