The passage elaborates on three main reasons why the little ice age happened. However, the lecturer believes that the information presented in the passage are out-of-date and none of the reasons account for the happening of the ice age.
First, according to the passage, the cold fresh water, which was the result of melting glaciers, disrupted the Gulf Stream which eventually caused the happening of the ice age. On the other hand, the lecturer contends that Gulf Stream disruption can only affect Europe and North America. Indeed, since the ice age affected the climate of the southern hemisphere too, the disruption of Gulf Stream cannot be the main reason of happening the ice age.
Second, the author explains that the dark clouds, made as a result of volcanic eruption, blocked the sunlight from reaching the earth and thus caused the start of the ice age. Nevertheless, the lecturer declares that volcanic eruption can make the climate cooler, if they are strong enough to make a huge amount of dust. He also states that volcanic eruption is accompanied by several signs such as the gray color of the snow. However, there was no report of such changes during the ice age.
Third, the author claims that human population decrease before the beginning of the ice age led to the expansion of forest trees and thus reduction of carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas responsible for keeping the earth warm. However, the lecturer contradicts this point by explaining that there was not enough time for the forest trees to make the climate unusually cool. He reveals that human population started to increase quickly and trees were cut down to supply the food of the increasing population. Therefore, increase in forest trees cannot cause long-term climate cooling.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, therefore, third, thus, such as, as a result, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 9.0 10.4613686534 86% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 12.0 22.412803532 54% => OK
Preposition: 35.0 30.3222958057 115% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1486.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 295.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.03728813559 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14434120667 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50488978852 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.518644067797 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 459.0 419.366225166 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 45.8986534719 49.2860985944 93% => OK
Chars per sentence: 114.307692308 110.228320801 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.6923076923 21.698381199 105% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.84615384615 7.06452816374 125% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.43963138877 0.272083759551 162% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.148742434783 0.0996497079465 149% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0716387990847 0.0662205650399 108% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.245357155751 0.162205337803 151% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0366305646004 0.0443174109184 83% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 49.15 53.8541721854 91% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.25 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.15 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 83 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.