TPO-47 - Integrated Writing Task
Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The reading passage claims that the Pterosaurs which lived alongside of the dinosaurs and were very larg, as large as giraffe, and with a wingspan of over 12 meteres, were unable to flight. However the lecture casts doubt on this view and gives three reason to prove it that it is possible that the Pterosaurscould flight.
Fistly, the speaker says that the reason of the reading about the Pterosaurs metabolisem, which is based on the modern reptiles evidence that they are cold-blood so the Pterosaurs were cols-blood and so they could not produce the enough enenrgy for flight, is not proven reason. She says that based on the fossil records of the Pterosaurs, they had the fur and wing. so, as they had these features they wanted to give themselves hot and this features is popular between the warm- blood animals, so the Pterosaurs undoubtly were warm-blood animals.
second, the lecturer also refutes the reading claims about the weight of the Pterosaurs as a on reason to diablity of flight amoung them. She states that the fossils records show that the bones of the Pterosaurs were big but shallowy and not solid which are to heavy, so, they were abaled to flieght by that weight.
finally, the lecture does not convinced by the explaination of the reading about the take of the Pterosaurs aginst the birds. furthemore, she explains that the Pterosaurs wre not like the birds that just use the legs to jump or run to start the flight bt also , they used all of their four legs and hands to jump and start the flight. And on the other side, their musels were so stronge to abled them to jump or run for flightt.
at the end, the lecture claims that the reading claims is more like a mestery until the reality facts to support an scientific phenomena.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 191, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...over 12 meteres, were unable to flight. However the lecture casts doubt on this view an...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 368, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
... Pterosaurs, they had the fur and wing. so, as they had these features they wanted...
^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Second
...s undoubtly were warm-blood animals. second, the lecturer also refutes the reading ...
^^^^^^
Line 5, column 92, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'an' instead of 'a' if the following word starts with a vowel sound, e.g. 'an article', 'an hour'
Suggestion: an
...s about the weight of the Pterosaurs as a on reason to diablity of flight amoung ...
^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Finally
...re abaled to flieght by that weight. finally, the lecture does not convinced by the ...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 31, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[3]
Message: The verb 'does' requires base form of the verb: 'convince'
Suggestion: convince
...eight. finally, the lecture does not convinced by the explaination of the reading abou...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 127, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Furthemore
...ake of the Pterosaurs aginst the birds. furthemore, she explains that the Pterosaurs wre n...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 260, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma, but not before the comma
Suggestion: ,
... jump or run to start the flight bt also , they used all of their four legs and ha...
^^
Line 9, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: At
...led them to jump or run for flightt. at the end, the lecture claims that the re...
^^
Line 9, column 114, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...tery until the reality facts to support an scientific phenomena.
^^
Line 9, column 128, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'phenomenon'?
Suggestion: phenomenon
... reality facts to support an scientific phenomena.
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, however, if, second, so
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 5.04856512141 20% => OK
Conjunction : 13.0 7.30242825607 178% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 32.0 22.412803532 143% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 40.0 30.3222958057 132% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1459.0 1373.03311258 106% => OK
No of words: 310.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 4.7064516129 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19604776685 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.40956400564 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.493548387097 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 429.3 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 28.0 21.2450331126 132% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 52.757358188 49.2860985944 107% => OK
Chars per sentence: 132.636363636 110.228320801 120% => OK
Words per sentence: 28.1818181818 21.698381199 130% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.90909090909 7.06452816374 55% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 11.0 4.19205298013 262% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.342147548902 0.272083759551 126% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.129637789975 0.0996497079465 130% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0830932365819 0.0662205650399 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.178533435117 0.162205337803 110% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0855596320327 0.0443174109184 193% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.8 13.3589403974 111% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.98 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.8 11.0289183223 107% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.33 12.2367328918 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.13 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 17.5 10.7273730684 163% => OK
gunning_fog: 13.2 10.498013245 126% => OK
text_standard: 18.0 11.2008830022 161% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.