Questions 1-5 are based on the following
passage.
Passage 1 is excerpted from John Locke’s “Second Treatise of Government,” first published in 1689. Passage 2 is excerpted from Pierre-Joseph Proudhon’s “General Idea of the Revolution in the 19th Century,” originally published in 1851.
Passage 1
Men being, as has been said, by nature, all free, equal,
and independent, no one can be put out of this estate, and
subjected to the political power of another, without his own
consent. The only way whereby any one divests himself of
5 his natural liberty, and puts on the bonds of civil society, is
by agreeing with other men to join and unite into a
community for their comfortable, safe, and peaceable living
one amongst another, in a secure enjoyment of their
properties, and a greater security against any, that are not of
10 it. This any number of men may do, because it injures not the
freedom of the rest; they are left as they were in the liberty of
the state of nature. When any number of men have so
consented to make one community or government, they are
thereby presently incorporated, and make one body politic,
15 wherein the majority have a right to act and conclude the
rest.
For when any number of men have, by the consent of
every individual, made a community, they have thereby made
that community one body, with a power to act as one body,
20 which is only by the will and determination of the majority:
for that which acts any community, being only the consent of
the individuals of it, and it being necessary to that which is
one body to move one way; it is necessary the body should
move that way whither the greater force carries it, which is
25 the consent of the majority: or else it is impossible it should
act or continue one body, one community, which the consent
of every individual that united into it, agreed that it should;
and so every one is bound by that consent to be concluded by
the majority.
Passage 2
30 The Social Contract is the supreme act by which each
citizen pledges to the association his love, his intelligence,
his work, his services, his goods, in return for the affection,
ideas, labor, products, services and goods of his fellows; the
measure of the right of each being determined by the
35 importance of his contributions, and the recovery that can be
demanded in proportion to his deliveries.
Thus the social contract should include all citizens, with
their interests and relations. If a single man were excluded
from the contract, if a single one of the interests upon which
40 the members of the nation, intelligent, industrious, and
sensible beings, are called upon to bargain, were omitted, the
contract would be more or less relative or special, it would
not be social.
The social contract should increase the well-being and
45 liberty of every citizen. If any one-sided conditions should
slip in; if one part of the citizens should find themselves, by
the contract, subordinated and exploited by the others, it
would no longer be a contract; it would be a fraud, against
which annulment might at any time be invoked justly.