Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37'C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modem reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact,endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal's legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body's side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
The reading passage and the lecture are both about the evidences to affirm whether dinosaurs were endotherm animals. However, it can be stated from their contexts, that the lecture brings into question the points in the reading passage. The author of the text claims that the dinosaurs were endotherm animals. The lecturer completely refutes the arguments in the article, hence, arguing that the explanations to support this idea are faulty.
Firstly, it is stated by the lecturer that although some dinosaurs have lived in polar areas, these areas were not too cold as today. Besides, the dinosaurs were able to migrate from these areas during the periods of inclement weather or they could hibernate to survive. This idea directly contradicts the reading passage’s claim that the fact that dinosaurs have lived in polar areas prove that they were endotherm animals.
Secondly, the lecturer asserts that the purpose of the position of dinosaurs’ legs in the underneath part of their body is to support heavy weight. This body structure configuration is an advantage for them, but not gives them more energy for running. This idea strongly contrasts with the article that mentions that the fact that dinosaurs’ legs are not on the body’s lateral means that they were endotherm animals.
Finally, the lecturer argues that although dinosaurs had Haversian canals like endotherm animals, they also had growth treams. These structures could stop or slow growth, which can be called periodic growth, and this ability is not peculiar from endotherm animals. The text, on the other hand, states that the presence of Haversian canals is an indicator that dinosaurs were endotherm animals.
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- TPO 18
- You rent an apartment and recently a new neighbour has moved in who lives above you. They are making a lot of noise and this is disturbing you.Write a letter to your landlord. In your letter:Explain what the problem isExplain why it is disturbing you so m 73
- TPO 53 Task 1 3
- Governments should place few if any restrictions on scientific research and development Write a response in which you discuss the extent to which you agree or disagree with the recommendation and explain your reasoning for the position you take In develop 66
- You are panning a holiday to Scotland. You have been given the name and address of a hotel near the sea and would like further information.write a letter to the hotel. Ask for information about hotel’s exact location and facilities. Ask about the availa 78
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 135, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...rneath part of their body is to support heavy weight. This body structure configuration is a...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, but, finally, first, firstly, hence, however, second, secondly, so, as to, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1424.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 270.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.27407407407 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05360046442 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.49582367215 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 138.0 145.348785872 95% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.511111111111 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 432.9 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 9.0 3.25607064018 276% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 23.0930712732 49.2860985944 47% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 109.538461538 110.228320801 99% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.7692307692 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.23076923077 7.06452816374 117% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.186481814398 0.272083759551 69% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0813079594728 0.0996497079465 82% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0459258328959 0.0662205650399 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.124230617528 0.162205337803 77% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0217015448077 0.0443174109184 49% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.8 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 53.8541721854 95% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.29 12.2367328918 109% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.61 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 14.0 11.2008830022 125% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 81.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.5 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.