Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex's leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably corresponded to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The passage is discussing some soft remains that they think have left from animals. However, the professor said in the lecture that those remains are skeptical, and they are not for animals.
First, the passage has asserted that some soft, flexible organic substances are found in the remains of the dinosaur fossils. In contrast, the professor explained, those soft tissues are not necessarily for dinosaurs. He said, when an animal dies, bacterias colony in it. So, the remains probably are from bacterias.
Second, the passage has claimed, they revealed the presence of spheres from the remains of red blood cells that had dark red centers. In contrast, the professor mentioned that the researchers found red cells in animals that do not have red cells and those reddish materials might be some reddish mineral, not red cells.
Third, the passage has expressed, their test showed collagen in what they found from the remains of dinosaurs. Although, the professor mentioned that collagen can not last long, and if they are for dinosaurs, so our idea about how old they are, is wrong. He said that collagen might be from the skin of researchers who worked there because the skin of humans also has collagen.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, however, if, second, so, third, in contrast
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 19.0 30.3222958057 63% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1010.0 1373.03311258 74% => OK
No of words: 202.0 270.72406181 75% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.0 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.76996954942 4.04702891845 93% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.4452639435 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 103.0 145.348785872 71% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.509900990099 0.540411800872 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 297.9 419.366225166 71% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 38.4973971429 49.2860985944 78% => OK
Chars per sentence: 91.8181818182 110.228320801 83% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.3636363636 21.698381199 85% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.09090909091 7.06452816374 72% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0545483104174 0.272083759551 20% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0243374088194 0.0996497079465 24% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0353134504657 0.0662205650399 53% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0364147818564 0.162205337803 22% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0284904819816 0.0443174109184 64% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 61.67 53.8541721854 115% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.72 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.89 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 43.0 63.6247240618 68% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.