The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth’s climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface. This can decrease the global temperature. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
The reading passage and lecture have conflicting opinions about the reasons that caused the ice age to arise. The article strongly postulates that there are many assumptions presented describes the causes of the ice age. On the other hand, these possible assumptions are out of date. Also, scientists have newer information that is more convincing.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, some periods of warm weather caused the glaciers to melt. Furthermore, these glaciers affected Earth's weather, meaning that the fresh water resulted from glaciers disrupted the Gulf currents which caused the ice age. Nonetheless, the listening adamantly delinates that disrupting the gulf stream current will result in cooler weather in Europe and America. However, the ice age affected many other areas such as Newzeland. so disrupting Gulf stream current can't explain the cause of ice age period.
The professor in lecture further points out that if there was enough volcanic eruption, the climate will be affected. Moreover, the volcanic eruption would result in special visual effects, for instance, colorful sunset. However, it seems that the volcanic eruption wasn't strong enough in order to produce enough dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These claims refute the writer implication of how the volcanic eruption could send dark clouds to the block the sun, which will cause the climate to be cooler.
The article lastly asserts that the significant decrease in the human population at that time would result in an increase in the forest trees. In other words, these trees absorb carbon dioxide from the air thereby cooling the earth climate. The speaker in lecture counters these points by insisting that the human population decrease wasn't long enough to cause a change in climate. Subsequently, large forest trees were cut down to cultivate crops.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 484, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: So
...ted many other areas such as Newzeland. so disrupting Gulf stream current cant exp...
^^
Line 3, column 518, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...land. so disrupting Gulf stream current cant explain the cause of ice age period. ...
^^^^
Line 5, column 267, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: wasn't
...er, it seems that the volcanic eruption wasnt strong enough in order to produce enoug...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 335, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: wasn't
...ting that the human population decrease wasnt long enough to cause a change in climat...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, furthermore, however, if, lastly, moreover, nonetheless, so, for instance, such as, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 9.0 5.01324503311 180% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1587.0 1373.03311258 116% => OK
No of words: 298.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 5.3255033557 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15483772266 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.50226913821 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 169.0 145.348785872 116% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.56711409396 0.540411800872 105% => OK
syllable_count: 485.1 419.366225166 116% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 32.4281478825 49.2860985944 66% => OK
Chars per sentence: 93.3529411765 110.228320801 85% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.5294117647 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.64705882353 7.06452816374 108% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.133593406356 0.272083759551 49% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0457668623595 0.0996497079465 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0445362637694 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0789568494528 0.162205337803 49% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0550071267301 0.0443174109184 124% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.4 13.3589403974 93% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.34 12.2367328918 109% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.77 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 81.0 63.6247240618 127% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.