tpo 27
The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900 C.E. There were unusually harsh winters and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth’s climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth’s surface. This can decrease the global temperature. Scientists know of several volcanic eruptions that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reasons (disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees and less carbon dioxide, Earth became cooler.
The reading and lecture are both about the little ice age which lasted about 1350 20 1900 C.E. The author of the reading present several possible reasons for the phenomenon. However, the lecturer challenged the claim made by the author. He is on the opinion that unfortunately, the reading is a little outdated. None of the idea for account little ice-age.
To begin with, the author argues that a large amount of water is produced in the summer season from glaciers melting and flow to the Gulf stream and produce a negative impact on the earth's climate. The specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. He states that scientist proved that cooling happened only Europe and America. Little ice-age only occur in Australia and South Africa. He also elaborates the point by bringing that little ice-age cannot explain the theory clearly.
Second, the writer suggests that volcanic eruption caused little ice-age because of dark clouds and sulfur gas. He also claims that this erupted clouds blokes the sunlight and declines the global temperature. However, the lecturer rebuts this by mentioning that a large amount of striking dust produces visual notice like bright sunset or brown colour ice instead of white. He also claims that people of that era should notice it but there is no evidence of the phenomenon.
Third, the author posits that may be the decrease in population causes the cooling effect. he also claims that human produces carbon-dioxide which is the cause of warmer climate. Due to less population and the huge forest area is one of the cause of the cooling effect. In contrast, the author position is that human eventually grew back in the previous level and then forest also cut down for agriculture and produce enough carbon dioxide for heat. He also mentions that it is not long enough to cause for little ice -effect.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 78, Rule ID: THE_FALL_SEASON[1]
Message: Use simply 'summer'.
Suggestion: summer
... a large amount of water is produced in the summer season from glaciers melting and flow to the G...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 183, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'earths'' or 'earth's'?
Suggestion: earths'; earth's
...am and produce a negative impact on the earths climate. The specific argument is chall...
^^^^^^
Line 13, column 92, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...n population causes the cooling effect. he also claims that human produces carbon-...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, may, second, so, then, third, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 16.0 12.0772626932 132% => OK
Pronoun: 25.0 22.412803532 112% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1548.0 1373.03311258 113% => OK
No of words: 311.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 4.97749196141 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19942759058 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.40510600584 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 168.0 145.348785872 116% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.540192926045 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 482.4 419.366225166 115% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 44.8042725586 49.2860985944 91% => OK
Chars per sentence: 86.0 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.2777777778 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.44444444444 7.06452816374 63% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.33352966558 0.272083759551 123% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.111744808706 0.0996497079465 112% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0842059218074 0.0662205650399 127% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.204086815986 0.162205337803 126% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0110380070483 0.0443174109184 25% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.7 13.3589403974 80% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.31 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.39 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 77.0 63.6247240618 121% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 61.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.