pterosaurs' flying ability
The reading passage and the lecture are both about pterosaurs, which were an ancient group of winged reptiles. The writer is skeptical of their flying ability and gives several reasons to support this statement. Although these points seem reasonable, the professor in the lecture casts doubt on them, indicating that pterosaurs indeed could powered fly.
To begin with, the author states that pterosaurs were cold-blooded animals that usually have a slow metabolism producing less energy. Thereby, the author posits that pterosaurs couldn’t generate enough energy to fly. Conversely, the lecturer disagrees with the author. She claims that pterosaurs have dense, fur-like coverings similar to birds' typical features. Therefore, she suggests that pterosaurs might have the same metabolism as warm-blooded, flying animals and probably were able to fly.
Second, the lecturer identifies a weakness in the passage that pterosaurs were so heavy that they couldn’t flap wings to maintain airborne. She points out that pterosaurs had hollow bones rather than solid bones that kept their weight low. Accordingly, she rules out the possibility of a limit of weight.
Last but not least, even though the author cites pterosaurs’ weak and small back leg muscles as proof that they had difficulty in taking off from the ground and flying, the lecturer argues that it is a misconception. This is because pterosaurs, unlike general birds, had four limbs to help them launch themselves into the air. Furthermore, in an attempt to provide a more concrete statement, she cites bats as an example, indicating that bats acquire enough energy and speed to fly in the same way. As a result, she dismisses the point of view mentioned in the article.
To summarize, both the writer and the professor hold conflicting views regarding the flying ability of pterosaurs.
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 343, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'could' requires the base form of the verb: 'power'
Suggestion: power
...indicating that pterosaurs indeed could powered fly. To begin with, the author states...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
accordingly, but, conversely, furthermore, if, regarding, second, so, therefore, as a result, to begin with, in the same way
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1566.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 293.0 270.72406181 108% => OK
Chars per words: 5.34470989761 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13729897018 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.74114769184 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 174.0 145.348785872 120% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.59385665529 0.540411800872 110% => OK
syllable_count: 462.6 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 40.6922520266 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.875 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.3125 21.698381199 84% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.75 7.06452816374 110% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.287006226379 0.272083759551 105% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0809289514849 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0736350924671 0.0662205650399 111% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.157835742566 0.162205337803 97% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.057917328367 0.0443174109184 131% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.69 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.62 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 343, Rule ID: DID_BASEFORM[1]
Message: The verb 'could' requires the base form of the verb: 'power'
Suggestion: power
...indicating that pterosaurs indeed could powered fly. To begin with, the author states...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
accordingly, but, conversely, furthermore, if, regarding, second, so, therefore, as a result, to begin with, in the same way
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 30.0 22.412803532 134% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1566.0 1373.03311258 114% => OK
No of words: 293.0 270.72406181 108% => OK
Chars per words: 5.34470989761 5.08290768461 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13729897018 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.74114769184 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 174.0 145.348785872 120% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.59385665529 0.540411800872 110% => OK
syllable_count: 462.6 419.366225166 110% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 40.6922520266 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.875 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.3125 21.698381199 84% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.75 7.06452816374 110% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 4.45695364238 135% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.287006226379 0.272083759551 105% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0809289514849 0.0996497079465 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0736350924671 0.0662205650399 111% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.157835742566 0.162205337803 97% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.057917328367 0.0443174109184 131% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.69 12.2367328918 112% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.62 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 86.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 26.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.