Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
The Lecture and the essay both have a debate on Pterosaurs and whether they were capable of flight or not. More specifically, the writer in the passage puts the forth idea that they were not able to fly because of their large body. In the listening passage the lecturer is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writer's claims. In fact the professor believes that due to the recent evidences not only the Pterosaurs were able to fly but also they were able to jump into the air and run fast.She addresses, in detail, The trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, The author of the reading states that because the modern reptiles are cold-blooded, the ansestors,Pterosaurs , were the same. According to this theory, they had a slow metablolism and unable to product efficient energy to fly. Some proffesionals in the field, however, stand in the firm position to this claim. In the listening for example, The professor state that the fossils of these animals have signs of a dense hair cover on their body, like as fare coverage, and this is an indication of being warm blooded in order to resist the cold conditions. Additionally, she goes on to say that the more resistante to cold conditions, the more the Pterosarus had enough energy to fly.
Another theory, presentes by the essayist, thinks that the Pterosarus were so heavy in weight that they could not flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft.Of course, though, not all the experties in the field believes that this is accurate. However the orator specifically addresses this point when she states that their bones where hallow, which means that their weight were much lighter than the assumtions that could enabled them to flap their wings and be an airborn spicie.
Finally, The author brings his arguments to a close by suggesting that the Pterosaurs were unable to launch to the air because of their week back muscles.Moreover, in the article, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in contrast to bird, were an abstacle for them to jump or run fast before taking off to the air. Not surperisingly, the lecturer takes issue with this claim by contending that while bird have to lean on only two limbs to lunch, the Pterosaurs used all their four limbs to push up, like as bats. She notes that this ability could have cover their back muscles weekness and help them to jump in to air or run fast before start flying.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 422, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...hat due to the recent evidences not only the Pterosaurs were able to fly but also...
^^
Line 1, column 514, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: She
... able to jump into the air and run fast.She addresses, in detail, The trouble with ...
^^^
Line 2, column 118, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , Pterosaurs
...reptiles are cold-blooded, the ansestors,Pterosaurs , were the same. According to this theo...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 50, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...heory, presentes by the essayist, thinks that the Pterosarus were so heavy in wei...
^^
Line 3, column 80, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: heavy
...st, thinks that the Pterosarus were so heavy in weight that they could not flap their wings fa...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 159, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Of
...p their wings fast enough to stay aloft.Of course, though, not all the experties i...
^^
Line 3, column 245, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...e field believes that this is accurate. However the orator specifically addresses this ...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 154, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Moreover
... air because of their week back muscles.Moreover, in the article, it is staes that weak...
^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 196, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...reover, in the article, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in con...
^^
Line 4, column 209, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e article, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in contrast to bird...
^^
Line 4, column 216, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...le, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in contrast to bird, were ...
^^
Line 4, column 443, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...that while bird have to lean on only two limbs to lunch, the Pterosaurs used all ...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, moreover, so, while, for example, in contrast, in fact, of course, in contrast to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 48.0 22.412803532 214% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 67.0 30.3222958057 221% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2014.0 1373.03311258 147% => OK
No of words: 428.0 270.72406181 158% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.70560747664 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.548423998 4.04702891845 112% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56170899088 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 214.0 145.348785872 147% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 609.3 419.366225166 145% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 10.0 2.5761589404 388% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 71.2478069838 49.2860985944 145% => OK
Chars per sentence: 143.857142857 110.228320801 131% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5714285714 21.698381199 141% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.64285714286 7.06452816374 122% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 12.0 4.19205298013 286% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.211363419 0.272083759551 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0760331088914 0.0996497079465 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0675800403293 0.0662205650399 102% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.126804415946 0.162205337803 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0644386930406 0.0443174109184 145% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.0 13.3589403974 120% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.95 53.8541721854 108% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 11.0289183223 114% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.63 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.08 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 422, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...hat due to the recent evidences not only the Pterosaurs were able to fly but also...
^^
Line 1, column 514, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: She
... able to jump into the air and run fast.She addresses, in detail, The trouble with ...
^^^
Line 2, column 118, Rule ID: COMMA_PARENTHESIS_WHITESPACE
Message: Put a space after the comma
Suggestion: , Pterosaurs
...reptiles are cold-blooded, the ansestors,Pterosaurs , were the same. According to this theo...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 50, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...heory, presentes by the essayist, thinks that the Pterosarus were so heavy in wei...
^^
Line 3, column 80, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: heavy
...st, thinks that the Pterosarus were so heavy in weight that they could not flap their wings fa...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 159, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Of
...p their wings fast enough to stay aloft.Of course, though, not all the experties i...
^^
Line 3, column 245, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...e field believes that this is accurate. However the orator specifically addresses this ...
^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 154, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: Moreover
... air because of their week back muscles.Moreover, in the article, it is staes that weak...
^^^^^^^^
Line 4, column 196, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...reover, in the article, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in con...
^^
Line 4, column 209, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e article, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in contrast to bird...
^^
Line 4, column 216, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...le, it is staes that weakness of their back muscles, in contrast to bird, were ...
^^
Line 4, column 443, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...that while bird have to lean on only two limbs to lunch, the Pterosaurs used all ...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, moreover, so, while, for example, in contrast, in fact, of course, in contrast to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 19.0 12.0772626932 157% => OK
Pronoun: 48.0 22.412803532 214% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 67.0 30.3222958057 221% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2014.0 1373.03311258 147% => OK
No of words: 428.0 270.72406181 158% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.70560747664 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.548423998 4.04702891845 112% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.56170899088 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 214.0 145.348785872 147% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.5 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 609.3 419.366225166 145% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 10.0 2.5761589404 388% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 30.0 21.2450331126 141% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 71.2478069838 49.2860985944 145% => OK
Chars per sentence: 143.857142857 110.228320801 131% => OK
Words per sentence: 30.5714285714 21.698381199 141% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.64285714286 7.06452816374 122% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 12.0 4.19205298013 286% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.211363419 0.272083759551 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0760331088914 0.0996497079465 76% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0675800403293 0.0662205650399 102% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.126804415946 0.162205337803 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0644386930406 0.0443174109184 145% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 16.0 13.3589403974 120% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.95 53.8541721854 108% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.6 11.0289183223 114% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.63 12.2367328918 87% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.08 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 80.0 63.6247240618 126% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 14.0 10.498013245 133% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.