Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face. One problem is that a round-trip to Mars and back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible. A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems. Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth’s magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because it would add too much weight to the ship.
The reading section and the listening section are both about sending humans to Mars. The article states some problems about the mission, while the lecturer introduces solutions to those problems.
First of all, the author of the article mentions that the supplies of food, water, and oxygen may not be enough for astronauts to live for a period of two years. However, the lecturer says that they can use hydroponics to solve the problem. For example, they can use the water to cultivate crops to provide themselves with food. Also, they can recycle the waste water and convert it into clean water to drink. Furthermore, the plants they grow can also convert the carbon-dioxide into oxygen.
Secondly, the author indicates that it is harmful for astronauts living in the zero-gravity environment for a long time. Nevertheless, the lecturer disputes the opinion. She says that there are a lot of astronauts living in the space stations and have trainings involving their health keeping. Moreover, she suggests that the astronauts can do regular exercise to avoid losing muscle mass, and they can absorb vitamins and minerals to keep their bone density, too.
Finally, the author mentions that astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation. Nonetheless, the lecturer does not agree with the statement. She indicates that the radiation is not at the dangerous levels normally. Actually, high levels of space radiation only occurs occasionally, and to avoid the danger, constructing a small shielded area inside the spaceship can protect astronauts from the occasional dangerous radiation, which would not add too much weight to the ship.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, finally, first, furthermore, however, may, moreover, nevertheless, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, while, for example, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 6.0 10.4613686534 57% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 32.0 30.3222958057 106% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1414.0 1373.03311258 103% => OK
No of words: 271.0 270.72406181 100% => OK
Chars per words: 5.21771217712 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.05734859645 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72127649969 2.5805825403 105% => OK
Unique words: 152.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.560885608856 0.540411800872 104% => OK
syllable_count: 428.4 419.366225166 102% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 18.0 21.2450331126 85% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 52.1125278177 49.2860985944 106% => OK
Chars per sentence: 94.2666666667 110.228320801 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 18.0666666667 21.698381199 83% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.0 7.06452816374 142% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0433566370501 0.272083759551 16% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0153288806514 0.0996497079465 15% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0237418380346 0.0662205650399 36% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0300664240721 0.162205337803 19% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0212258629214 0.0443174109184 48% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.2 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 53.21 53.8541721854 99% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.7 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.78 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.2 10.498013245 88% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.