Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a male are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squids are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
The reading and the listening have a debate on the various approaches to the sources of noises come from the depth of the sea when submarines are patrolling. The reading claims that the noises might be from orca whales, frog croaks, or submarines that are not able to detect by sonar. However, those are contradicted by the lecturer.
First, the written text claims that strange noises might be from orca whales that are around the submarines. In addition, it states that orca whales made noises similar to those sound which submarines are detecting. Beside, Orca Whales live near the water surface and once they go into deep, they are able to detect by sonar.
Also, the reading's idea that the sound maybe comes from giant squid which leaves in the deep ocean. They are not able to detect by sonar due to their structure of the body. The monologue rebuts this claiming that within two decades these noises cannot disappear suddenly, because from 1960 to 1980 submarines have discovered these noises.
Lastly, the passage advocates the submarines that are patrolling are not detected by sonar and it would be the noise of those submarines. Conversely, the audio lesson challenges this idea because submarines have engine noises and there is still no technology to build submarines without noises.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 11, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'readings'' or 'reading's'?
Suggestion: readings'; reading's
...e able to detect by sonar. Also, the readings idea that the sound maybe comes from gi...
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, conversely, first, however, lastly, may, so, still, in addition
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1091.0 1373.03311258 79% => OK
No of words: 217.0 270.72406181 80% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.02764976959 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.8380880478 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.41319822314 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 116.0 145.348785872 80% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.534562211982 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 342.0 419.366225166 82% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 34.7465439152 49.2860985944 70% => OK
Chars per sentence: 99.1818181818 110.228320801 90% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.7272727273 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.72727272727 7.06452816374 95% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.195603976507 0.272083759551 72% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.078195460725 0.0996497079465 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.04308192908 0.0662205650399 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.128858305653 0.162205337803 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0267813006349 0.0443174109184 60% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.1 13.3589403974 91% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 52.19 53.8541721854 97% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.89 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.22 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 50.0 63.6247240618 79% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.