The reading and the lecture are both about pterosaurs, which lived at the same time of dinosaurs that had wings. The author of the reading believes that pterosaurs were not capable of flying for several reasons. The lecturer casts doubts on the claims made in the article. She thinks that the pterosaurs were in fact an flying animal and provides three supporting evidence.
The first and foremost, the article points out that because modern day reptiles are cold blooded, the chance are pterosaurs were cold blooded animal as well. Also, it is mentioned that cold blooded animals have slower metabolism which does not provide ample amount of energy needed for pterosaurs to fly. The professor is challenged by this point. She says that the pterosaurs were covered by dense hair that generated warm blood to maintain high metabolism. As a result, pterosaurs had energy needed to fly.
Secondly, the author contends that since pterosaurs were large in size, they could have ability to fly. The article notes because of heavy weight pterosaurs did not have capability to flap their wings rapidly to fly for a long period of time. The lecturer rebuts this argument. She suggests that anatomy of pterosaurs reveals that the bones are hallow and did not constitute any heavy. Furthermore, she argues that because of the low weight pterosaurs were able to fly.
Last but not least, the article establishes that the pterosaurs would not able to utilize powered flight because they are not capable of jumping by using their legs in order to gain momentum for flying. The lecturer on the other hand posits that the birds that can fly using their hind limbs. She provides an example of a bat where it has four legs and uses hind limbs to take-off. So, in the same way pterosaurs also used hind limbs to increase its momentum for flying.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 213, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
... capable of flying for several reasons. The lecturer casts doubts on the claims mad...
^^^
Line 1, column 318, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...thinks that the pterosaurs were in fact an flying animal and provides three suppor...
^^
Line 5, column 58, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: large
...hor contends that since pterosaurs were large in size, they could have ability to fly. The ar...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 134, Rule ID: HEAVY_WEIGHT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'heavyweight'?
Suggestion: heavyweight
...ty to fly. The article notes because of heavy weight pterosaurs did not have capability to f...
^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 228, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...p their wings rapidly to fly for a long period of time. The lecturer rebuts this argument. She...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 346, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'hallowed'.
Suggestion: hallowed
...f pterosaurs reveals that the bones are hallow and did not constitute any heavy. Furth...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, furthermore, second, secondly, so, well, in fact, as a result, in the same way, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 10.4613686534 124% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 22.412803532 129% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 36.0 30.3222958057 119% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1528.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 312.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 4.89743589744 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.20279927342 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.37144834613 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 145.348785872 113% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.525641025641 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 468.0 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 40.9172606882 49.2860985944 83% => OK
Chars per sentence: 84.8888888889 110.228320801 77% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.3333333333 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.38888888889 7.06452816374 90% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.147864557318 0.272083759551 54% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0521655258136 0.0996497079465 52% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0364548636416 0.0662205650399 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0946554385806 0.162205337803 58% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0297354311514 0.0443174109184 67% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.3 13.3589403974 77% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.84 12.2367328918 89% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.67 8.42419426049 91% => OK
difficult_words: 63.0 63.6247240618 99% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 78.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.