TPO 47
The reading and the lecture are both about whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight. The author of the reading believes that pterosaurs were incapable of powered flight due to three reasons. The lecturer challenges the statements made by the author. He is of the opinion that none of the statements is correct.
First of all, the author suggests that cold-blooded animals have slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. This argument is challenged by the lecturer. She says pterosaurs had special covering on their skins, which was very similar to warm-blooded animals. Furthermore, she argues that the covering reduced metabolism and gave them enough energy required for powered flight.
Secondly, the writer contends that it is unlikely for pterosaurs to generate the energy needed to fly because they are too heavy. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by asserting that the bones of the pterosaurs are light and hollowed. He elaborates on this by mentioning that their lightweight bones made them able to flap without consuming a lot of energy.
Finally, it is stated in the article that animals with powered flight should be able to take off from the ground. The author establishes that these animals need powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air. However, pterosaurs were not able to achieve this because they lacked strong muscles on their back legs. The lecturer, on the other hand, posits that pterosaurs had four legs and they used all their legs to push them off the ground. She puts forth the idea that they were still able to take off the ground successfully with all their legs.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
The reading and the lecture are both abo...
^^^^
Line 1, column 211, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...of powered flight due to three reasons. The lecturer challenges the statements made...
^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...t none of the statements is correct. First of all, the author suggests that c...
^^^^
Line 5, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... energy required for powered flight. Secondly, the writer contends that it is...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...p without consuming a lot of energy. Finally, it is stated in the article tha...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, furthermore, however, second, secondly, so, still, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 37.0 22.412803532 165% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 39.0 30.3222958057 129% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1388.0 1373.03311258 101% => OK
No of words: 276.0 270.72406181 102% => OK
Chars per words: 5.02898550725 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.07593519647 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.52650307963 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 141.0 145.348785872 97% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.510869565217 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 421.2 419.366225166 100% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 24.8445164976 49.2860985944 50% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 86.75 110.228320801 79% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.25 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.4375 7.06452816374 91% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 4.19205298013 119% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 4.33554083885 231% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.481264708232 0.272083759551 177% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.141378898687 0.0996497079465 142% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0837190000136 0.0662205650399 126% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.257443422506 0.162205337803 159% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0739038192643 0.0443174109184 167% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.9 13.3589403974 82% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.6 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.03 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 62.0 63.6247240618 97% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 71.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.