The author of the reading article and the lecturer both discuss whether large pterosaurs, an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs, were capable of powered flight or whether they were able only to glide. The author offers some hypotheses to claim that pterosaurs were not able to fly by flapping their wings. However, the lecturer casts doubt on these hypotheses and disputes with each of the author's theories by providing several counter-arguments.
To begin with, the author expresses that the ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded because modern reptiles are cold-blooded. Such cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce lots of energy. As a consequence, pterosaurs could not have the ability to powered flight, which requires a great amount of energy. Nevertheless, the lecturer points out that the ancient pterosaurs actually had dense hair, like a feather, covering their body to keep their body temperature high. This suggests that the pterosaurs might be warm-blooded animals. Hence, the pterosaurs should have the ability of powered flight.
In addition, the author declares that pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably too heavy to fly by flapping their wings fast enough to fly. Nonetheless, the lecturer states that the pterosaurs had some features that kept them unusual light. In fact, most if not all of the pterosaurs' bones were hollow instead of solid, which might keep their weight low and thus, they would be capable of flapping their wings to fly.
Finally, the author reveals that all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground such as birds taking off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed to jump. But such methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big and powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, but they did not have this kind of back legs. By contrast, the author asserts that the large pterosaurs were not like birds to use these kinds of methods to fly. As a matter of fact, the large pterosaurs were more like the bats, which means that they were able to use four limbs to run fast and jump to launch themselves into the air and fly.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 10, column 279, Rule ID: ALL_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'all the'.
Suggestion: all the
...hem unusual light. In fact, most if not all of the pterosaurs bones were hollow instead of...
^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, finally, hence, however, if, nevertheless, nonetheless, so, thus, in addition, in fact, kind of, such as, as a matter of fact, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 11.0 7.30242825607 151% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 55.0 30.3222958057 181% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1922.0 1373.03311258 140% => OK
No of words: 383.0 270.72406181 141% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.0182767624 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.42384287591 4.04702891845 109% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.55602775557 2.5805825403 99% => OK
Unique words: 180.0 145.348785872 124% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.469973890339 0.540411800872 87% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 570.6 419.366225166 136% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 12.0 8.23620309051 146% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 47.1895243785 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 113.058823529 110.228320801 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.5294117647 21.698381199 104% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.11764705882 7.06452816374 129% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.702110614899 0.272083759551 258% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.224078736009 0.0996497079465 225% => Sentence topic similarity is high.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0956430829272 0.0662205650399 144% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.411844117851 0.162205337803 254% => Maybe some contents are duplicated.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0917577804103 0.0443174109184 207% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.5 13.3589403974 101% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.13 12.2367328918 99% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.41 8.42419426049 88% => OK
difficult_words: 65.0 63.6247240618 102% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.