Salicylic acid and kaolin effects on pomological, physiological, and phytochemical characters of six hazelnuts (Corylus avellana ) cultivars at an arid, warm summer condition
Nowadays, nuts are accounted for more important in the human diet because of their nutritional values 1,2 and hazelnut is one of the world’s major nut crops. The world market of hazelnut witnesses an upward trend that reached nearly 1,05 Million tons in 2017. There is a growing interest in hazelnut consumption, and about 90% of products have been used in the confectionery and chocolate industry, and remainings are sold in-shell for fresh consumption. Turkey and Italy are leading producer countries, with approximately 50% of whole global production. Iran produced nearly 18,000 T of hazelnuts in 2017, ranking Th in world production 91.
In general, Hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production has been restricted to humid temperate areas with a moderate winter and summer. Hazelnut trees are sensitive to heat stress in warm summers and freezes as low temperatures less than -15℃ 93. In these climate conditions, we are needed new production management practices, and new genotypes to overcome problems 4. As expected, the temperature in the future will be raised approximately 1.5℃ until 2030, according to prediction obtained of weather modeling 5. To reduce the impacts of high temperatures on horticultural products need different strategies such as selection tolerant cultivars, technical management practices, and the use of exogenous protectants for mitigating heat-induced damages. Technical management methods induced several ways like shading, and irrigation system, which reduces the effects of intense light and high temperatures, but these techniques are costly, high demand technology, an abundance of water use, and complications the spread of some diseases due to high humidity 6.
Currently, the application of particle films is one of the inexpensive and facile ways for decreasing the temperature in orchards and field crops 7. Kaolin, an aqueous formulation made from inert chemical clay (Al4Si4O10(OH)8),8 is specially formulated for mitigating the solar damage by coating the surface of leaf and fruit for protecting from UV injury as well as heat stress, salinity, freezing, insects, and diseases. Besides, it enables to enhance, photosynthesis functions, gas exchange, and net CO2 assimilation, also improves fruit criteria such as color, yield and post-harvest quality in olive, walnut, apple, mango, pomegranate, grape, tomato, and berry9–17 Kaolin also has effects on increasing the antioxidant capacity, secondary metabolites such as phenolic content and phenylpropanoids and flavonoids 18–21.
Salicylic acid plays a crucial role in response to abiotic stresses, and its external application at a suitable concentration can improve the plant's antioxidant system . Salicylic acid significantly affects the biosynthesis of supportive compounds such as polyamines and proline, protein heat stress 23–26. Moreover, SA pretreatment revealed how to alleviate the oxidative stress an effective protectant under heat, UV, drought, and salinity stress 27. The SA signaling affects photosystem function (PSII) through maintaining higher Rubisco activation level and acceleration the recovery of net photosynthesis rate (Pn) at heat stress mainly by influencing on PSII function and increased heat shock proteins (HSPs) 28–31. SA treatments were also stimulatory for antioxidant systems like proline, phenolic content, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, APX, CAT) and inhibitory on H2O2, MDA, EL under heat stress in pea, strawberry, olive, grape, cotton, rapeseed 32–34.
Regardless of all of their merits mentioned above, we set out our aim to understand the effects of kaolin, salicylic acid, and their interaction on hazelnut trees. A wide range of pomological and physicochemical properties of hazelnut was studied. This study aims to protect hazelnut orchards under heat stress conditions considering the climate change in recent of many parts of decades of many parts of the world.
Grammar and spelling errors:
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...future will be raised approximately 1.5℃ until 2030, according to prediction obta...
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... suitable concentration can improve the plants antioxidant system . Salicylic acid sig...
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...an improve the plants antioxidant system . Salicylic acid significantly affects th...
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...APX, CAT and inhibitory on H2O2, MDA, EL under heat stress in pea, strawberry, ol...
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...of their merits mentioned above, we set out our aim to understand the effects of ka...
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Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, but, if, moreover, second, so, well, in general, such as, as well as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 13.1623246493 114% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 7.85571142285 38% => OK
Conjunction : 31.0 10.4138276553 298% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 2.0 7.30460921844 27% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 12.0 24.0651302605 50% => OK
Preposition: 77.0 41.998997996 183% => OK
Nominalization: 25.0 8.3376753507 300% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 3348.0 1615.20841683 207% => Less number of characters wanted.
No of words: 583.0 315.596192385 185% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.74271012007 5.12529762239 112% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.91379618374 4.20363070211 117% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.15927905838 2.80592935109 113% => OK
Unique words: 369.0 176.041082164 210% => Less unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.632933104631 0.561755894193 113% => OK
syllable_count: 1021.5 506.74238477 202% => syllable counts are too long.
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.8 1.60771543086 112% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 5.43587174349 74% => OK
Article: 7.0 2.52805611222 277% => Less articles wanted as sentence beginning.
Subordination: 1.0 2.10420841683 48% => OK
Conjunction: 14.0 0.809619238477 1729% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 5.0 4.76152304609 105% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 23.0 16.0721442886 143% => OK
Sentence length: 25.0 20.2975951904 123% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 83.3425300533 49.4020404114 169% => OK
Chars per sentence: 145.565217391 106.682146367 136% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.347826087 20.7667163134 122% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.60869565217 7.06120827912 51% => More transition words/phrases wanted.
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.38176352705 114% => OK
Language errors: 5.0 5.01903807615 100% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 8.67935871743 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 11.0 3.9879759519 276% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 3.4128256513 176% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.160377607086 0.244688304435 66% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.04760666581 0.084324248473 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0522204598997 0.0667982634062 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0816882287099 0.151304729494 54% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0309195537645 0.056905535591 54% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 18.3 13.0946893788 140% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 29.18 50.2224549098 58% => Flesch_reading_ease is low.
smog_index: 11.2 7.44779559118 150% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 15.4 11.3001002004 136% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 16.31 12.4159519038 131% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 10.59 8.58950901804 123% => OK
difficult_words: 211.0 78.4519038076 269% => Less difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 9.78957915832 107% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.1190380762 119% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 10.7795591182 102% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 89.8876404494 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 5.33 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.