The following appeared in a letter to the editor of the Clearview newspaper.
"In the next mayoral election, residents of Clearview should vote for Ann Green, who is a member of the Good Earth Coalition, rather than for Frank Braun, a member of the Clearview town council, because the current members are not protecting our environment. For example, during the past year the number of factories in Clearview has doubled, air pollution levels have increased, and the local hospital has treated 25 percent more patients with respiratory illnesses. If we elect Ann Green, the environmental problems in Clearview will certainly be solved."
In this article, the author concludes that the water in earth’s oceans must have originated from comets which had collided with it. I find his conclusion unconvincing for many reasons.
The author himself concedes the possibility of there having been water vapor even during the formation of the earth, arising out of the collision of space rocks. He says that some water vapor might have escaped into space in the earliest stages while the earth had not developed sufficient gravitational force; but, in a later period, when the earth grew into its present size and developed greater gravitation, the gases and water vapor continued to be retained in its atmosphere. He then advances the argument that the water in earth’s oceans ‘must’ have originated from comets striking it at a later stage of its development because comets are largely ice made up of frozen water and gases. there are two problems with this argument.
First of all, if the gravitational energy even in the formative stages of the earth was strong enough for even the surface to get molten, why did the water vapour that was present not also stick to the earth but flew off into space? A gravitational force that was strong enough to retain metals must have been strong enough to retain the much lighter water vapour also.
First, if the water vapor resulting from the collision of a comet could fall as rain on the earth’s surface, why does he rule out the possibility of water vapor trapped earlier also behaving in the same manner and contributing to the water content in the oceans?
Secondly, the author has not quantified the amount of water vapor that a single comet collision can give rise to. How many comets must have collided with the earth in order to account for all the water that is contained in the oceans of the earth? is there any other corroborative evidence for that many number of collisions? Another shortcoming in the author’s theory is that it does not account for the salt content in earth’s oceans.
These points must be clarified before the author’s views can be allowed to form part of a school textbook.
Comments
Essay evaluation report
out of topic.
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Attribute Value Ideal
Final score: ??? out of 6
Category: Poor Excellent
No. of Grammatical Errors: 0 2
No. of Spelling Errors: 0 2
No. of Sentences: 12 15
No. of Words: 364 350
No. of Characters: 1708 1500
No. of Different Words: 169 200
Fourth Root of Number of Words: 4.368 4.7
Average Word Length: 4.692 4.6
Word Length SD: 2.414 2.4
No. of Words greater than 5 chars: 110 100
No. of Words greater than 6 chars: 71 80
No. of Words greater than 7 chars: 46 40
No. of Words greater than 8 chars: 30 20
Use of Passive Voice (%): 0 0
Avg. Sentence Length: 30.333 21.0
Sentence Length SD: 13.604 7.5
Use of Discourse Markers (%): 0.5 0.12
Sentence-Text Coherence: 0.416 0.35
Sentence-Para Coherence: 0.724 0.50
Sentence-Sentence Coherence: 0.163 0.07
Number of Paragraphs: 6 5
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 13, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: There
...ice made up of frozen water and gases. there are two problems with this argument. F...
^^^^^
Line 18, column 31, Rule ID: ALSO_SENT_END[1]
Message: 'Also' is not used at the end of the sentence. Use 'as well' instead.
Suggestion: as well
...o retain the much lighter water vapour also. First, if the water vapor resulting f...
^^^^
Line 26, column 1, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Is
... contained in the oceans of the earth? is there any other corroborative evidence ...
^^
Line 26, column 52, Rule ID: MANY_NN[1]
Message: Possible agreement error. The noun number seems to be countable; consider using: 'many numbers'.
Suggestion: many numbers
...y other corroborative evidence for that many number of collisions? Another shortcoming in ...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, if, second, secondly, so, then, while, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 13.0 19.6327345309 66% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 8.0 12.9520958084 62% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 11.1786427146 45% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 11.0 13.6137724551 81% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 28.8173652695 83% => OK
Preposition: 52.0 55.5748502994 94% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 16.3942115768 37% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1835.0 2260.96107784 81% => OK
No of words: 364.0 441.139720559 83% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.04120879121 5.12650576532 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.36792674256 4.56307096286 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.68974283524 2.78398813304 97% => OK
Unique words: 181.0 204.123752495 89% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.497252747253 0.468620217663 106% => OK
syllable_count: 561.6 705.55239521 80% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.59920159681 94% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 4.96107784431 101% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 2.70958083832 111% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.67365269461 0% => OK
Preposition: 4.0 4.22255489022 95% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 19.7664670659 71% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 26.0 22.8473053892 114% => OK
Sentence length SD: 79.2916664432 57.8364921388 137% => OK
Chars per sentence: 131.071428571 119.503703932 110% => OK
Words per sentence: 26.0 23.324526521 111% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.92857142857 5.70786347227 86% => OK
Paragraphs: 29.0 5.15768463074 562% => Less paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 4.0 5.25449101796 76% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 8.20758483034 37% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 6.0 6.88822355289 87% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.67664670659 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.063690852999 0.218282227539 29% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0317117308755 0.0743258471296 43% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0303604784433 0.0701772020484 43% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0189413350604 0.128457276422 15% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0264188985506 0.0628817314937 42% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.3 14.3799401198 106% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 53.55 48.3550499002 111% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 12.197005988 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.25 12.5979740519 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.05 8.32208582834 97% => OK
difficult_words: 72.0 98.500998004 73% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 14.5 12.3882235529 117% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.4 11.1389221557 111% => OK
text_standard: 15.0 11.9071856287 126% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Maximum six paragraphs wanted.
Rates: 50.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 3.0 Out of 6
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.