Unmanned versus manned space exhibitions.
The author of the letter contends that we should invest our resources in unmanned space flight by attributing manned space flights, its alternative, as dangerous and costly. He draws this conclusion from the recent success of series of unmanned space missions which have bestowed mankind with useful information. However, there are three questions that need to be addressed before one can establish the accuracy of the statement.
Firstly, do we know out of how many attempts for unmanned missions, the mission was completed successfully? That is, what is probability that an unmanned mission will be successful, given its history of attempts? It might be the case that out of hundred attempts, only recent ten have ben successful, but they have provided with pertinent information. In such a case, considering one unmanned mission costs millions of dollars, there is an evident loss to the responsible agency. If the probability of an unmanned mission failing is greater than the probablity of a manned mission failing, then it is not prudent to invest in unmanned space flight. We need some statistics regarding the 'success' of unmanned missions before we can evaluate the argument further.
Secondly, is the net profit imputed to unmanned flights greater than manned flights? That is, do we have a standarized metric that can evaluate the profit incurred with each of the kind of flights? It may happen that around hundred attempts of manned mission costs have a net profit (total profit minus cost of perations) of about one billion dollars, implying ten million dollar net profit per mission. While, ten unmanned space flights produced a net profit of ten million dollars, ascribing on average one million dollar net profit per mission. Clearly in this case, the manned space flights are more lucrative than unmanned space flights. Since the argument does not provide such data, it is not possible to give a resolute conclusion.
Moreover, in how many cases has a system failure (of a space prob) caused abortion of the space mission in unmanned space flights? It is possible that in manned space fights, owing to the presence of a human on deck, such system failures can be handled in-place without affecting the end goal of the mission. Consider, for instance, a case where a small technical error causes the mission to fail in unmanned space flight as it could not be redressed remotely. While, the same error in a manned space flight was solved a technician (part of the crew). If the frequency of such cases is hire, the unmanned missions may result in bigger losses than manned space flights. We need some statistics to corroborate or deny possibility of such instances and evaluate the given conclusion.
The statement, in conclusion, stands flawed. There is a need to collect some data using past mission details. Only when such the data is provided, we can test the underlying assumptions and, conclude the relevance (or irrelevance) of the given arg.
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 460, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “While” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... as it could not be redressed remotely. While, the same error in a manned space fligh...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, however, if, may, moreover, regarding, second, secondly, so, then, while, for instance, in conclusion, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 21.0 19.6327345309 107% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 15.0 12.9520958084 116% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 11.1786427146 54% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 13.6137724551 88% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 28.8173652695 101% => OK
Preposition: 62.0 55.5748502994 112% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 16.3942115768 67% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2479.0 2260.96107784 110% => OK
No of words: 490.0 441.139720559 111% => OK
Chars per words: 5.05918367347 5.12650576532 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.70488508055 4.56307096286 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66674727422 2.78398813304 96% => OK
Unique words: 225.0 204.123752495 110% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.459183673469 0.468620217663 98% => OK
syllable_count: 766.8 705.55239521 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 11.0 4.96107784431 222% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 2.70958083832 148% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.67365269461 60% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 4.22255489022 142% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 24.0 19.7664670659 121% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 22.8473053892 88% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.8381537455 57.8364921388 62% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.291666667 119.503703932 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.4166666667 23.324526521 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.45833333333 5.70786347227 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 5.25449101796 19% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 8.20758483034 122% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 6.88822355289 131% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.67664670659 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.271681419262 0.218282227539 124% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0985457575866 0.0743258471296 133% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0980419991936 0.0701772020484 140% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.169507364815 0.128457276422 132% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0951851916442 0.0628817314937 151% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 14.3799401198 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 48.3550499002 106% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 7.1628742515 43% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 12.197005988 91% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.5979740519 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.3 8.32208582834 100% => OK
difficult_words: 114.0 98.500998004 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 12.3882235529 89% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 11.1389221557 90% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.9071856287 109% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 460, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “While” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... as it could not be redressed remotely. While, the same error in a manned space fligh...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, however, if, may, moreover, regarding, second, secondly, so, then, while, for instance, in conclusion, kind of
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 21.0 19.6327345309 107% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 15.0 12.9520958084 116% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 11.1786427146 54% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 12.0 13.6137724551 88% => OK
Pronoun: 29.0 28.8173652695 101% => OK
Preposition: 62.0 55.5748502994 112% => OK
Nominalization: 11.0 16.3942115768 67% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2479.0 2260.96107784 110% => OK
No of words: 490.0 441.139720559 111% => OK
Chars per words: 5.05918367347 5.12650576532 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.70488508055 4.56307096286 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66674727422 2.78398813304 96% => OK
Unique words: 225.0 204.123752495 110% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.459183673469 0.468620217663 98% => OK
syllable_count: 766.8 705.55239521 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 11.0 4.96107784431 222% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 7.0 8.76447105788 80% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 2.70958083832 148% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.67365269461 60% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 4.22255489022 142% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 24.0 19.7664670659 121% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 22.8473053892 88% => OK
Sentence length SD: 35.8381537455 57.8364921388 62% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.291666667 119.503703932 86% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.4166666667 23.324526521 88% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.45833333333 5.70786347227 96% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 5.15768463074 97% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 5.25449101796 19% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 10.0 8.20758483034 122% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 6.88822355289 131% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.67664670659 107% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.271681419262 0.218282227539 124% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0985457575866 0.0743258471296 133% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0980419991936 0.0701772020484 140% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.169507364815 0.128457276422 132% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0951851916442 0.0628817314937 151% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 14.3799401198 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 51.18 48.3550499002 106% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 7.1628742515 43% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 12.197005988 91% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.07 12.5979740519 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.3 8.32208582834 100% => OK
difficult_words: 114.0 98.500998004 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 12.3882235529 89% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 11.1389221557 90% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.9071856287 109% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.