In 1912 a bookseller named Wilfrid M. Voynich acquired a beautifully illustrated handwritten book (manuscript) written on vellum (vellum is a material that was used for writing before the introduction of paper). The "Voynich manuscript," as it became known, resembles manuscripts written in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. However, it is written in a completely unknown script. To date, no one has been able to decode the script and understand the book's content. Several theories have been proposed to explain the origin of the Voynich manuscript. One theory is that the manuscript is a genuine work on some scientific or magical subject composed in a complex secret code. Anthony Ascham, a sixteenth-century physician and botanist, has been identified as a possible author, since many plant illustrations in the Voynich manuscript are quite similar to those in Ascham's book on medicinal plants, A Little Herbal, published in 1550. According to some other theories, the manuscript is really a fake and its text has no real meaning. For example, it has been proposed the manuscript was created by Edward Kelley, a sixteenth century personality who extracted money from nobles across Europe by pretending to have magical powers. Kelley may have created the manuscript as a fake magical book to sell to a wealthy noble. He used a made-up alphabet in a completely random order. It looks like a book of magical secrets, but there is no meaningful underlying text. Another theory is that the manuscript is actually a modern fake created by Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. As an antique book dealer, Voynich certainly had the knowledge of what old manuscripts should look like and could have created a fake one. Perhaps Voynich's plan was to sell the fake as a mysterious old book if he received an attractive offer.
The reading and lecture are both about the theories about the origin of the Voynich manuscript. The author of the reading feels that there are three possible writers of the Voynich manuscript. The lecturer challenges the claims made by the authors. He is of the opinion that none of the three is the author of the manuscript.
To begin with, the author argues that Anthony Ascham is the first possible writer of the Voynich manuscript. The article mentions that Anthony had written many extraordinary works contained scientific and magical subjects in a secret code.
This specific argument is challenged by the lecturer. He claims that Anthony's books are not exceptional works that might need to be written in secret and powerful codes. Additionally, he says that the Voynich manuscript is indeed a powerful and meaningful work.
Secondly, the writer suggests that the second possibility is that the manuscript is a fake document written by Edward Kelley. The lecturer, however, rebuts this by mentioning that the creator of the Voynich manuscript took a lot of care to create this book. He elaborates on this by bringing up the point that the people in the 19th century were easy to be fooled, so Edward Kelley did not need a to of effort to fake the manuscript.
Finally, the author posits that the third possible writer is Wilfrid M. Voynich himself. In contrast, the lecturer's position is that the ink on the manuscript is back to 400 years, so this manuscript was written along before Wilfrid M. Voynich obtained it.
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Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 194, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ible writers of the Voynich manuscript. The lecturer challenges the claims made by ...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, third, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1288.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 257.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.01167315175 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00390054096 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66621872925 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 123.0 145.348785872 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.47859922179 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 381.6 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.6885065767 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.8666666667 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.1333333333 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.93333333333 7.06452816374 84% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.236546874651 0.272083759551 87% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0884285287489 0.0996497079465 89% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0565725976933 0.0662205650399 85% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.141586778827 0.162205337803 87% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0512163422243 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.7 13.3589403974 80% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.48 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.92 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 194, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ible writers of the Voynich manuscript. The lecturer challenges the claims made by ...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, third, in contrast, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 17.0 10.4613686534 163% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1288.0 1373.03311258 94% => OK
No of words: 257.0 270.72406181 95% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.01167315175 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00390054096 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.66621872925 2.5805825403 103% => OK
Unique words: 123.0 145.348785872 85% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.47859922179 0.540411800872 89% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 381.6 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 42.6885065767 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.8666666667 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.1333333333 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.93333333333 7.06452816374 84% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 8.0 4.27373068433 187% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.236546874651 0.272083759551 87% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0884285287489 0.0996497079465 89% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0565725976933 0.0662205650399 85% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.141586778827 0.162205337803 87% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0512163422243 0.0443174109184 116% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.7 13.3589403974 80% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.48 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.92 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 56.0 63.6247240618 88% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.0 10.7273730684 56% => Linsear_write_formula is low.
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.