Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments.
No Fossils of Actual Bees
First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona.
Absence of Flowering Plants.
A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time.
Structures Lack Some Details
Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles
Word Count: 280
The reading and lecture are both about the existence of bees on earth as early as 200 millions years ago. Whereas the reading passage states that bees cannot be present such long time ago and put forward three arguments to support, the lecturer believes that these arguments can be proved wrong. She believes bees do exist 200 years ago
Firstly, the author points out that there is no fossils of actual bees, thus cannot believe that bees exist that long years ago. This point is challenged by the lecturer. She says that it is because of the lack of trees producing certain sticky resins which is required for preserving fossil of bees o those early days. Furthermore, she argues these types of trees later came into existence which made it possible to keep fossils of bees later.
Secondly, the author contends that the absence of flowering plants where bees feed on normally can be another possible reason for rejecting this theory. The lecturer rebuts this argument. She suggests that earlier days bees might have fed on no flowering plants like pines and ferns.She elaborated on this by mentioning that bees later adapted to feed on flowering plants.
Thirdly, the author states that lack of some details on the structures found in Arizona can be another reason to refuse the bees existence 200 years ago. The article establishes that fossilized structures were made by other insects. The lecturer, on the other hand, posits that even though the fossilized chambers lack caps, which is used to close the bee nest, chemical evidence of the structures supports that it is made up of a water resistant material found on modern bee's nests.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2018-11-22 | Joe Cedillo | 78 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 70, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...oth about the existence of bees on earth as early as 200 millions years ago. Wher...
^^
Line 3, column 37, Rule ID: THERE_S_MANY[4]
Message: Did you mean 'there are no fossils'?
Suggestion: there are no fossils
... Firstly, the author points out that there is no fossils of actual bees, thus cannot believe tha...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 252, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...of trees producing certain sticky resins which is required for preserving fossil ...
^^
Line 5, column 284, Rule ID: SENTENCE_WHITESPACE
Message: Add a space between sentences
Suggestion: She
...o flowering plants like pines and ferns.She elaborated on this by mentioning that b...
^^^
Line 7, column 125, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'bees'' or 'bee's'?
Suggestion: bees'; bee's
...ona can be another reason to refuse the bees existence 200 years ago. The article es...
^^^^
Line 7, column 278, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...lecturer, on the other hand, posits that even though the fossilized chambers lack...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, firstly, furthermore, second, secondly, so, third, thirdly, thus, whereas, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1372.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 4.91756272401 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.3422328891 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 150.0 145.348785872 103% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.537634408602 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 413.1 419.366225166 99% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 23.0 21.2450331126 108% => OK
Sentence length SD: 60.6801152676 49.2860985944 123% => OK
Chars per sentence: 114.333333333 110.228320801 104% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.25 21.698381199 107% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.66666666667 7.06452816374 123% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.359594691787 0.272083759551 132% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.130936281343 0.0996497079465 131% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.103215382492 0.0662205650399 156% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.211940435897 0.162205337803 131% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0888408019412 0.0443174109184 200% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.4 13.3589403974 100% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 53.8541721854 105% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 11.0289183223 101% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.55 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.17 8.42419426049 97% => OK
difficult_words: 60.0 63.6247240618 94% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 9.0 10.7273730684 84% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.498013245 107% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 83 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.