The fossil record shows that members of the group of dinosaurs known as lambeosaurs had large bony crests on top of their heads The shape of the crests varied from species to species, but all lambeosaur crests contained extended hollow passages. No one really knows exactly what function the crests served, but scientists have offered several theories.
Sense of smell
One theory holds that the primary purpose of the crests was to improve the dinosaurs' sense of smell. Examination of the fossils has suggested that the crests contained many blood vessels. The nose bones of modern animals with a highly developed sense of smell have a similar inner structure characterized by a high density of blood vessels. Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the crests were primarily used to enhance the sense of smell.
Cooling
A second theory maintains (hat the crests served to prevent overheating by lowering lambeosaurs1 body temperature. The addition of a crest had the effect of increasing the surface area of the lambeosaur’s body, thereby allowing body heat to escape more rapidly. Other warm-climate dinosaurs, stegosaurs for example, also had bony crestlike plates on parts of their body that increased the body surface area. It has long been believed that the bony plates of stegosaurs were adaptations to improve cooling, so it seems likely that the crests of lambeosaurs served the same purpose.
Sound
A third possibility is that lambeosaurs used the crests to make sounds, perhaps for communication with other lambeosaurs It was definitely possible to make low sounds by forcing air through the crests. This theory is supported by a finding suggesting that lambeosaurs had a good sense of hearing paleontologists recently discovered remains of a lambeosaur that had a highly developed inner ear. A good sense of hearing would be necessary for animals communicating by sound
The article talks about lambeosaurs, which had boney crests on the top of their heads and introduces three theories about the function of the crest. However the professor argues against all theories proposed by the author.
The first theory claims that the crest was used to enhance the lambeosaurs sense of smell due to the high density of blood vessels similar to modern animals. The professor renounces this pont explaining that the part of the brain next to the nose of animals is well developed and complex yet, the part of the brain next to the crest in lambeosaurs is underdeveloped and small therefore, this notion is not possible.
The second theory posits that much like stegosaurs, the lambeosaurs use their crest as a way of cooling their body temprature. The professor disputes against this theory pointing out that the stegosaurs have numerous crests on their body; therefore, there is a considerable increase to the surface area of their bodies. But, lambeosaurs only have one small boney structure, which would have no effect in decreasing their body temprature.
The second theory states that due to lambeosaurs good sense of hearing, the crests could be used to make sound as a means of communication. Nevertheless, the professor states that since all lambeosaurs had crests they should all possess highly developed inner ears. But, only one fossil discovered has been shown to have such features; therefore scientists need to wait until more evidence backing this theory is discovered.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 150, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: However,
...eories about the function of the crest. However the professor argues against all theori...
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Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...herefore, this notion is not possible. The second theory posits that much like ste...
^^^
Line 3, column 127, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...a way of cooling their body temprature. The professor disputes against this theory ...
^^^
Line 4, column 286, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...veloped inner ears. But, only one fossil discovered has been shown to have such f...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, nevertheless, second, so, therefore, well
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 34.0 30.3222958057 112% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1262.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 246.0 270.72406181 91% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.13008130081 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.96035189615 4.04702891845 98% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.72987985718 2.5805825403 106% => OK
Unique words: 135.0 145.348785872 93% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.548780487805 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 375.3 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.5640419208 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 126.2 110.228320801 114% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.6 21.698381199 113% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.2 7.06452816374 88% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.261579287091 0.272083759551 96% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.110554645072 0.0996497079465 111% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0559661303216 0.0662205650399 85% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.165452568878 0.162205337803 102% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.02611642708 0.0443174109184 59% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.0 13.3589403974 112% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.77 12.2367328918 104% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.61 8.42419426049 102% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.5 10.7273730684 126% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 83 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.