Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a method of reducing hail, called “cloud seeding,” has been tried. In cloud seeding, the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidence suggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.
Laboratory experiments
Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms in water vapor that is close to the freezing point. However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets.
Evidence from Asia
There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding has been successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields and farms in the United States.
Local studies
A few local studies also support the value of cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States, for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previous years.
The reading passage and lecture have a conflicting opinions about whether or not the cloud seeding is an sufficient approach to preserve the crops from hail. The article strongly postulates that many data and experiments from researching in areas propose that adding silver iodide to the clouds has been effective in protecting crops from hail. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that it has been clear that the cloud seeding can't benefit crops by protecting it from hail.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, in laboratory experiment snow was created instead of hail. Furthermore, adding silver iodide to water vapor that is close to the freezing point resulted in forming snow. Nonetheless, the lecture offsets these points by declaring that it maybe right in the laboratory experiment the snow will be formed. However, in real life it could be snow, rain, or hail. Also, using cloud seeding in areas where there are no much water in the cloulds will result in drought. As a result, lack of water in that area.
The speaker in the lecture further points out that the could seeding was used in urban areas. which have hight air pollution. In other words, pollution can result in favorable coditions. As a result, the cloud seeding can't be used in farming region in usa. These claims refute the writer implications of how cloud seeding method is an effective method to be used in several countries despite considering pollutin factor.
The article lastly asserts that the cloud seeding was used in a couple of local areas. one was used in farming region. Subsequently, the crops damage were reduced despite the other areas around. The speaker in the lecture counters these points by insisting that this experiment is not convincing because of the decline in the natural weather in that year.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-04-08 | toefl 2019 | 73 | view |
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Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 52, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'opinion'?
Suggestion: opinion
... passage and lecture have a conflicting opinions about whether or not the cloud seeding ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 67, Rule ID: WHETHER[7]
Message: Perhaps you can shorten this phrase to just 'whether'. It is correct though if you mean 'regardless of whether'.
Suggestion: whether
...cture have a conflicting opinions about whether or not the cloud seeding is an sufficient appr...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 103, Rule ID: EN_A_VS_AN
Message: Use 'a' instead of 'an' if the following word doesn't start with a vowel sound, e.g. 'a sentence', 'a university'
Suggestion: a
...out whether or not the cloud seeding is an sufficient approach to preserve the cro...
^^
Line 1, column 445, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...t has been clear that the cloud seeding cant benefit crops by protecting it from hai...
^^^^
Line 3, column 470, Rule ID: NOW[2]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
... cloud seeding in areas where there are no much water in the cloulds will result i...
^^
Line 5, column 95, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Which
... could seeding was used in urban areas. which have hight air pollution. In other word...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 95, Rule ID: SENTENCE_FRAGMENT[1]
Message: “which” at the beginning of a sentence requires a 2nd clause. Maybe a comma, question or exclamation mark is missing, or the sentence is incomplete and should be joined with the following sentence.
... could seeding was used in urban areas. which have hight air pollution. In other word...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 219, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...ditions. As a result, the cloud seeding cant be used in farming region in usa. These...
^^^^
Line 7, column 88, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: One
...ng was used in a couple of local areas. one was used in farming region. Subsequentl...
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, furthermore, however, if, lastly, may, nonetheless, so, in fact, as a result, in other words, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 48.0 30.3222958057 158% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1538.0 1373.03311258 112% => OK
No of words: 307.0 270.72406181 113% => OK
Chars per words: 5.00977198697 5.08290768461 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.18585898806 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.51290212281 2.5805825403 97% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.504885993485 0.540411800872 93% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 469.8 419.366225166 112% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 47.3495342645 49.2860985944 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 85.4444444444 110.228320801 78% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.0555555556 21.698381199 79% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.88888888889 7.06452816374 98% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 9.0 4.19205298013 215% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.27373068433 140% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.172502874658 0.272083759551 63% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0567829286735 0.0996497079465 57% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0520831504072 0.0662205650399 79% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.105588332077 0.162205337803 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0697346013907 0.0443174109184 157% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.7 13.3589403974 80% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 62.68 53.8541721854 116% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.7 11.0289183223 79% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.48 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.39 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 14.0 10.7273730684 131% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.