Many scientists believe it would be possible to maintain a permanent human presence on Mars or the Moon. On the other hand, conditions on Venus are so extreme and inhospitable that maintaining a human presence there would be impossible.
First, atmospheric pressure at Venus’ surface is at least 90 times greater than the pressure at Earth’s surface. This means that a force of 100 kilograms is pressing down on every square centimeter of surface. All spacecraft that have landed on Venus have been crushed by this extreme pressure within an hour of landing. Almost anything humans might land on Venus would be crushed as well.
Second, as far as we know, there are no reservoirs of water on Venus’ surface, and the planet’s atmosphere, made up mostly of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and sulfuric acid, contains hardly any oxygen or water vapor. Water and oxygen would therefore probably have to be supplied to Venus from Earth. The idea of ensuring a regular supply of water and oxygen from Earth is impractical in the extreme and would probably defeat the purpose of establishing a permanent station on Venus.
Third, very little sunlight reaches the planet’s surface. About 60 percent of the sunlight that hits Venus is reflected back into space by the thick clouds that fill the atmosphere, which means that only 40 percent of the sunlight can get through the clouds. Below these clouds is a dense layer of carbon dioxide, which blocks even more light, so very little light reaches the surface. The lack of light would prevent the use of solar power cells, so humans could not get electricity to power their machines and equipment.
In the passage, the author believes that it is impossible for humans to maintain a presence on Venus based on three problems. However, the professor argues that we can solve the problems by making the station floating 50 kilometers above the surface of Venus.
First of all, the passage says that people will suffer a pressure on the surface of Venus which is as 90 times great as that on Earth. However, the professor mentions that the higher we are, the smaller atmospheric pressure is. As a result, when we are 50 km above the surface, the pressure there is almost the same as that on Earth, so the station won\'t be crushed by atmospheric pressure.
Secondly, the article conveys that we will have to import water and oxygen from Earth since there is no water or oxygen available on Venus. However, the professor claims that even though these materials don\'t exist on Venus, with some chemical compounds such as carbon dioxide or sulfuric acid in the atmosphere there, we can produce water and oxygen artificially. In other words, it is no necessary for us to import water or oxygen from Earth.
Last problem mentioned in the passage is that the thick cloud can reflect most sunlight and dense layer under the cloud can also block it. And this situation will cause just very little sunlight can reach the surface. However, if we set our station fifty kilometers high above the surface, even if there is still some cloud above us, it is not so thick that amount of sunlight can filter through clouds. Meanwhile, we can also use the sunlight reflected by the layer below us. Consequently, we have more than enough sunlight to power the station.
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, consequently, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, still, while, such as, as a result, first of all, in other words
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1367.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 288.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 4.74652777778 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11953428781 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.40219314901 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.538194444444 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 424.8 419.366225166 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 45.265946551 49.2860985944 92% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.153846154 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.1538461538 21.698381199 102% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.69230769231 7.06452816374 137% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.100352929402 0.272083759551 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.041839035014 0.0996497079465 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0706515801684 0.0662205650399 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0781017609933 0.162205337803 48% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0675701103446 0.0443174109184 152% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 13.3589403974 90% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.27 12.2367328918 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.74 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 63.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 19.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, consequently, first, however, if, second, secondly, so, still, while, such as, as a result, first of all, in other words
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 33.0 30.3222958057 109% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1367.0 1373.03311258 100% => OK
No of words: 288.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 4.74652777778 5.08290768461 93% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11953428781 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.40219314901 2.5805825403 93% => OK
Unique words: 155.0 145.348785872 107% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.538194444444 0.540411800872 100% => OK
syllable_count: 424.8 419.366225166 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 4.0 1.25165562914 320% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 45.265946551 49.2860985944 92% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.153846154 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.1538461538 21.698381199 102% => OK
Discourse Markers: 9.69230769231 7.06452816374 137% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 0.0 4.33554083885 0% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 9.0 4.45695364238 202% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.100352929402 0.272083759551 37% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.041839035014 0.0996497079465 42% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0706515801684 0.0662205650399 107% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0781017609933 0.162205337803 48% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0675701103446 0.0443174109184 152% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.0 13.3589403974 90% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.27 12.2367328918 84% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.74 8.42419426049 92% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 63.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 19.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.