Scientists are considering the possibility of sending humans to Mars in the coming decades. Although there have been successful manned missions to the Moon in the 1960s and 1970s, Mars is 150 times further away from Earth than the Moon is. Thus the project of sending humans to Mars would require solving an array of problems the Moon missions did not have to face.
One problem is that a round-trip to Marsand back is likely to take at least two years. The trip to the Moon lasted only a few days, and it was easy to bring enough supplies of food, water, and oxygen; but the cargo capacity of space vehicles is too limited to put on board the food, water, and oxygen required by a crew for a period of two years. Without those essentials, though, a Mars mission is impossible.
A second problem is that astronauts on the Mars mission would be in the zero-gravity environment of space for many months at a time. Spending a long time in the zero-gravity environment has negative effects on the human body, such as decreased muscle mass and lower bone density. Over the course of a two-year mission, the effects would be so severe, they would make it impossible for humans to make the trip without experiencing grave medical problems
Finally, astronauts on a mission to Mars would be exposed to dangerous levels of space radiation, much of which comes in the form of charged particles emitted by the Sun. Earth's magnetic field, which normally protects us from dangerous solar radiation, would not be able to protect a spaceship traveling in interplanetary space. Constructing a shield that would protect the whole spaceship from space radiation is at present impossible because if would add too much weight to the ship.
The reading passage and lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not sending humans to Mars is critical on their lifes. The article strongly postulates that sending individuals to Mars will present many dangerous problems. On the other hand, the listening adamantly delinates that there are convenient solutions that would solve these problems.
First and foremost, according to the author of the excerpt, the trip to Mars requires a large amount of the food supplies, water, and oxygen, which is enough for two years owing to the fact that the limited capacity of the ship. Nonetheless, the lecture offsets these points by declaring that hydro farms could be used in order to solve this problem. which can be used to cultivate food and crops. Also, the water was used to cultivate these crops can be recycled therefore the recycled water can be used for drink. Furthermore, fresh oxygen will be provided by human plans air cycle.
The professor in the lecture further points out that every year there are several substations go to space. they are using vitamins and drugs, plus some regular exercises can help humans to overcome the zero gravity problem. These claims refute the writer implication of how human bones and muscles could have some critical problems because of the zero gravity for a long time.
The article lastly asserts that humans on the ships could be exposed to a critical level of radiation radiated from the sun. Although a special shield can be used in order to protect the humans in the ship, the shield will add too much weight to the ship. The speaker in the lecture counters these points by insisting that the dangerous level of radiation happens occasionally so an instrument can be used to detect these high levels. However, a light small shelter could be to the ship added to block the emitted radiations.
| Post date | Users | Rates | Link to Content |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2019-04-11 | toefl 2019 | 3 | view |
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- Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?In twenty years there will be fewer cars in use than there are today. 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 65, Rule ID: WHETHER[7]
Message: Perhaps you can shorten this phrase to just 'whether'. It is correct though if you mean 'regardless of whether'.
Suggestion: whether
...lecture have conflicting opinions about whether or not sending humans to Mars is critical on t...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 352, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Which
...be used in order to solve this problem. which can be used to cultivate food and crops...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 108, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: They
...re are several substations go to space. they are using vitamins and drugs, plus some...
^^^^
Line 7, column 527, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... added to block the emitted radiations.
^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, first, furthermore, however, if, lastly, nonetheless, so, therefore, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 15.0 10.4613686534 143% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 14.0 5.04856512141 277% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 10.0 12.0772626932 83% => OK
Pronoun: 17.0 22.412803532 76% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1549.0 1373.03311258 113% => OK
No of words: 312.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 4.96474358974 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.20279927342 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.42866461618 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 170.0 145.348785872 117% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.544871794872 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 477.0 419.366225166 114% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.4919537046 49.2860985944 84% => OK
Chars per sentence: 103.266666667 110.228320801 94% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.8 21.698381199 96% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.13333333333 7.06452816374 87% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0843316960387 0.272083759551 31% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0324803073676 0.0996497079465 33% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0373892778481 0.0662205650399 56% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0611147846422 0.162205337803 38% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0380690147703 0.0443174109184 86% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.3 13.3589403974 92% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.49 12.2367328918 94% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.47 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 76.0 63.6247240618 119% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.