Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a mate are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squid are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on the sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
The reading passage and lecture are both about the strange sound whose source seemed to be moving with great speed and agility. The author of the reading feels that there are three possible theories to explain this phenomenon. The speaker, however, called into question on these theories. She is of opinion that all three theories are false.
To begin with, the writer mentions that the strange noise were actually the calls of male and female orca whales. This is because the sound they produced to extract females are similar to those that submarines are detecting. Conversely, the lecturer asserts that it is unlikely. If these sounds are produced by orca whales, then they should been detected by the sonar of Submarines.
Second, the passage suggests that the sounds are actually caused by giant squid. This is because they are intelligent animal and possibly they have ability to emit sound. Nevertheless, the speaker says it is wrong. These sound are detected between 1960 and 1980, but they disappeared after 1980s. Squid are always in ocean, so there's no reason that squids stop producing sound after twenty years.
Finally, the author posits that the stray sounds are from another countries' submarine that were secret patrolling the area. The speaker, once again, refutes this explanation. These sounds are moving around and changing direction quickly that even now submarine can't achieve. In addition, if they are actually from submarines, then there should be noises of engine.
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- TOEFL T P O 44 Integrated Writing Task 3
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 228, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...le theories to explain this phenomenon. The speaker, however, called into question ...
^^^
Line 5, column 328, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: there's
...er 1980s. Squid are always in ocean, so theres no reason that squids stop producing so...
^^^^^^
Line 7, column 262, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...rection quickly that even now submarine cant achieve. In addition, if they are actua...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, but, conversely, finally, however, if, nevertheless, second, so, then, in addition, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 23.0 10.4613686534 220% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 11.0 12.0772626932 91% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 4.0 5.01324503311 80% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1257.0 1373.03311258 92% => OK
No of words: 242.0 270.72406181 89% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.19421487603 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.94415379849 4.04702891845 97% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.34779483008 2.5805825403 91% => OK
Unique words: 142.0 145.348785872 98% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.586776859504 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 380.7 419.366225166 91% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 14.0 21.2450331126 66% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 25.686154767 49.2860985944 52% => The essay contains lots of sentences with the similar length. More sentence varieties wanted.
Chars per sentence: 73.9411764706 110.228320801 67% => OK
Words per sentence: 14.2352941176 21.698381199 66% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.29411764706 7.06452816374 89% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 4.0 4.45695364238 90% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 11.0 4.27373068433 257% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.211276592343 0.272083759551 78% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0607446459077 0.0996497079465 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0463987875783 0.0662205650399 70% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.123857198335 0.162205337803 76% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0384575616825 0.0443174109184 87% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.1 13.3589403974 76% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 57.27 53.8541721854 106% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 8.8 11.0289183223 80% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.23 12.2367328918 100% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.12 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 58.0 63.6247240618 91% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 6.5 10.7273730684 61% => OK
gunning_fog: 7.6 10.498013245 72% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.