TPO 31 - the fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones of Sinosauropteryx fossil are feathers.
Both the reading and the lecturer is about the hypothesis that the fine lines surrounding the skeletal bones of Sinosauropteryx fossil are feathers. The reading opposes this idea by giving three reasons. The lecturers support this theory with three counter-arguments.
First of all, the writer argues that those fine lines are only skins which may have decomposed into fibers. Those fibers are then preserved as lines in the fossil. The lecturer, however, states that such decomposition has not been identified in other animals of the same size. Besides, the fibers are unable to be well preserved in volcanic ash.
Secondly, the passage mentions that those fine lines can be frills which are ornamental fan-shaped structures growing out of the dinosaur´s bodies. In contrast, the lecturer disproves this idea by saying that frills and feathers have chemical differences. She asserts that feathers contain protein substances while such components cannot be found in frills. Moreover, scientists encountered proteins in fine lines structures of Sinosauropteryx´s fossils.
Thirdly, the author of the reading suggests the fact that feathers are used to help animals fly or control their body temperature. However, the discovered fine lines are located along the backbone and the tail which in turn are useless for those functions. The lecturer, on the other hand, rebuts this argument. She puts forth the idea that feathers can be used for other purposes such as attracting mates like the colorful, long feathers of peacocks. She also notes that feathers of the dinosaurs can be used for display purpose because scientists have identified that those feathers are in orange and while.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, besides, but, first, however, if, may, moreover, second, secondly, so, then, third, thirdly, well, while, in contrast, such as, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 16.0 10.4613686534 153% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 5.0 7.30242825607 68% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 26.0 30.3222958057 86% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1438.0 1373.03311258 105% => OK
No of words: 265.0 270.72406181 98% => OK
Chars per words: 5.42641509434 5.08290768461 107% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.03470204552 4.04702891845 100% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.9447843848 2.5805825403 114% => OK
Unique words: 146.0 145.348785872 100% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.550943396226 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 438.3 419.366225166 105% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 16.0 13.0662251656 122% => OK
Sentence length: 16.0 21.2450331126 75% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 35.2348704233 49.2860985944 71% => OK
Chars per sentence: 89.875 110.228320801 82% => OK
Words per sentence: 16.5625 21.698381199 76% => OK
Discourse Markers: 10.3125 7.06452816374 146% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.238693330224 0.272083759551 88% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0838601598398 0.0996497079465 84% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.164976068616 0.0662205650399 249% => The coherence between sentences is low.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.15817509666 0.162205337803 98% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.119110639847 0.0443174109184 269% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.4 13.3589403974 93% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 46.78 53.8541721854 87% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.92 12.2367328918 114% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.08 8.42419426049 108% => OK
difficult_words: 78.0 63.6247240618 123% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.0 10.7273730684 65% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.4 10.498013245 80% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 70.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 21.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.