Hail—pieces of ice that form and fall from clouds instead of snow or rain—has always been a problem for farmers in some areas of the United States. Hail pellets can fall with great force and destroy crops in the field. Over the last few decades, a method of reducing hail, called "cloud seeding," has been tried. In cloud seeding, the chemical silver iodide is sprayed on storm clouds from an airplane. This makes the clouds produce harmless rain or snow instead of hail. Several pieces of evidence suggest that cloud seeding has been effective in protecting crops from hail.
Laboratory experiments
Experiments in the laboratory support the idea that cloud seeding is effective. Hail usually forms water vapor that is close to the freezing point However, when experimenters added silver iodide to cold water vapor in the laboratory, they often observed light snow forming instead of hail pellets.
Evidence from Asia
There is evidence about the effectiveness of cloud seeding from several countries around the world. In some Asian countries, for example, cloud seeding has been successfully used to control precipitation in urban areas. These positive results suggest that cloud seeding should also be effective in protecting fields and farms in the United States.
Local studies
A few local studies also support the value of cloud seeding. One study conducted in a farming region in the central United States, for example, directly monitored crop damage due to hail. The study found that in an area where cloud seeding was used there was reduced hail damage compared to previous years.
The lecturer refutes all three claims presented in the reading passage, which is about 'cloud seeding -that is a method to spray silver iodide on cloud storms from an aircraft to prevent hail storms that adversely affects the crops in the fields. However, the professor provides a reason to question each argument.
First of all, the reading suggests that under laboratory conditions, silver iodide can create snow instead of hail. The professor denied this by stating that, in real life, this chemical can't prevent precipitation, forming into clouds to snow, rain or hail. He adds that this method is an extremely bad thing to nature, as seeding each storm -forming clouds can lead to drought in that area which in turn kills crops due to lack of water.
The tutor claims that the evidence from Central Asia that there is a positive result with cloud seeding is not clear. They conducted this study in cities with high air pollution. It is estimated that the pollutant particles have a favorable condition for cloud seeding when the cloud reacts with the Silver iodide. But this effect is different in unpolluted areas. So this claim is disproved by the professor as the unpolluted skies in the United States of America cannot implement with full faith.
Finally, the passage points out the local studies had proved that that cloud seeding areas had decreased hail storms. On the contrary, the lecturer argues that hail damage was reduced not only in the monitored farming region but also everywhere around the area. This clearly challenges the reading and the professor tells that that is a natural weather variation which has nothing to do with cloud seeding.
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 188, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...ating that, in real life, this chemical cant prevent precipitation, forming into clo...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, so, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1396.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.00358422939 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36324419231 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 165.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.591397849462 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 406.8 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.6828998001 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.384615385 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.4615384615 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.61538461538 7.06452816374 79% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.221278197666 0.272083759551 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0737972545296 0.0996497079465 74% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0441309483565 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.134496375354 0.162205337803 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0441889464029 0.0443174109184 100% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.72 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.47 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 188, Rule ID: CANT[1]
Message: Did you mean 'can't' or 'cannot'?
Suggestion: can't; cannot
...ating that, in real life, this chemical cant prevent precipitation, forming into clo...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, so, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 18.0 12.0772626932 149% => OK
Pronoun: 24.0 22.412803532 107% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 8.0 5.01324503311 160% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1396.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 279.0 270.72406181 103% => OK
Chars per words: 5.00358422939 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.08696624509 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.36324419231 2.5805825403 92% => OK
Unique words: 165.0 145.348785872 114% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.591397849462 0.540411800872 109% => OK
syllable_count: 406.8 419.366225166 97% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 13.0 13.0662251656 99% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 49.6828998001 49.2860985944 101% => OK
Chars per sentence: 107.384615385 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.4615384615 21.698381199 99% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.61538461538 7.06452816374 79% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 2.0 4.27373068433 47% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.221278197666 0.272083759551 81% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0737972545296 0.0996497079465 74% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0441309483565 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.134496375354 0.162205337803 83% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0441889464029 0.0443174109184 100% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.9 13.3589403974 97% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.72 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.47 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 67.0 63.6247240618 105% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.