In 1995 a microscopic fungus called phytophthora ramorum, or P. ramorum, was first detected in the forests of the western United States. P. ramorum infects trees and causes particularly serious damage in oak trees: in many infected oaks, leaves wither rapidly, large cracks appear in the bark, and the trees die. A spread of P. ramorum represents a serious threat to the forests in the western states. Several methods of protecting the forests have been proposed.
First, stopping P. ramorum spores from spreading would surely be an effective method. Spores are small particles through which all fungi, including P. ramorum, reproduce. Researchers have discovered that many P. ramorum spores can be found along hiking or biking trails, suggesting human-assisted spread by way of shoes and bicycle tires. A few measures to prevent such human-assisted spread-like encouraging hikers to wash their shoes and installing new bike scrubbers on bicycle trails-would be an effective and low-cost way to stop the spread of P. ramorum.
Second, there are a few fungicidal (fungus-fighting) chemicals that can be used to protect the oak trees. Some of these chemicals stimulate the oak trees’ natural defenses against the P. ramorum fungus and have been found in small-scale tryouts to significantly reduce the likelihood that the oaks will be infected.
A third way to fight P. ramorum is a practice called clear-cutting. This approach starts with cutting and burning the diseased oaks, but it also involves cutting and burning the seemingly healthy vegetation (bushes and other kinds of trees) surrounding the oaks. This is done because some of the surrounding plants and trees may be infected even though they do not show any symptoms of the disease. Cleaning large areas of vegetation in places where diseased trees are found is often an efficient measure to stop the spread of infections.
Last try:10/12/2020 03:37Word Count: 288
Both the reading passage and lecture discuss whether protective measures against spreading of P. ramorum fungus are effective or not. The former represents three measures to control this fungus, but the later refutes each of these points.
First of all, the author of the passage claims that cleaning the shoes of people and changing bicycle tires would be an efficient techniques to decrease the spread of P. ramorum fungi, as experimentar found many spores of this fungi in the hiking and biking trails. However, the lecture contends that this prevention mechanism would no be much effective because water stream and rainfall carry this fungi to the distant places, which might be very arduous to control.
Secondly, the text asserts that fungicidal chemicals can be a very useful tools to save the oak trees as this chemicals would increase defence mechanism of these trees and diminish fungus from infected trees. In contrast, the listening counters that putting pesticide injection only works for few months. Therefore, it would be very hard to push this chemical to the thousands of oak tress in the forest in every few months interval and it would be very expensive. It might work only the small scale park tress.
In third, the reading passage states that cutting and burning the affected tress along with nearby vegetation would be helpful to reduce the spread of P. ramorum as certain plants carry this harmful fungi without showing any symptoms. On the other hand, the lecturer mentions that some surrounding vegetations are healthy and rare types, which are vital to maintain ecological balance. Hence, cutting and buning this rare specices make it permanent damage of the forestland and it would never possible to bring back these scarce vegetations.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 131, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'technique'?
Suggestion: technique
...ing bicycle tires would be an efficient techniques to decrease the spread of P. ramorum fu...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 223, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...i, as experimentar found many spores of this fungi in the hiking and biking trails. ...
^^^^
Line 3, column 334, Rule ID: NOW[3]
Message: Did you mean 'now' (=at this moment) instead of 'no' (negation)?
Suggestion: now
...ds that this prevention mechanism would no be much effective because water stream ...
^^
Line 3, column 395, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...because water stream and rainfall carry this fungi to the distant places, which migh...
^^^^
Line 5, column 75, Rule ID: A_PLURAL[2]
Message: Don't use indefinite articles with plural words. Did you mean 'tool'?
Suggestion: tool
...ngicidal chemicals can be a very useful tools to save the oak trees as this chemicals...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 106, Rule ID: THIS_NNS[1]
Message: Did you mean 'these'?
Suggestion: these
...y useful tools to save the oak trees as this chemicals would increase defence mechan...
^^^^
Line 5, column 418, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'months'' or 'month's'?
Suggestion: months'; month's
...of oak tress in the forest in every few months interval and it would be very expensive...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, hence, however, second, secondly, so, therefore, third, in contrast, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 22.0 22.412803532 98% => OK
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1485.0 1373.03311258 108% => OK
No of words: 288.0 270.72406181 106% => OK
Chars per words: 5.15625 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.11953428781 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.43043402474 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 172.0 145.348785872 118% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.597222222222 0.540411800872 111% => OK
syllable_count: 442.8 419.366225166 106% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 51.6404860155 49.2860985944 105% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.071428571 110.228320801 96% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.5714285714 21.698381199 95% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.0 7.06452816374 113% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.122511164751 0.272083759551 45% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0457635807997 0.0996497079465 46% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0587919066328 0.0662205650399 89% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0706560392688 0.162205337803 44% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0229409222161 0.0443174109184 52% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.65 12.2367328918 103% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.9 8.42419426049 106% => OK
difficult_words: 78.0 63.6247240618 123% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 90 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.