Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The reading and the lecture are both about a recent discovery of fossilized tyrannosaurus bones containing certain organic materials, which could be from the actual dinosaur. The author of the reading believes there are three possibilities that the remains are indeed from the actual dinosaur. The lecturer challenges that statements made by the author. he is of the opinion that they could be caused by other things.
First of all, the author suggests that the bone has small branching channels, indicating they were blood vessels. it is mentioned that the soft substances were found inside these channels that could be blood of tyrannosaurus. The argument is refuted by the lecturer. he says it does not necessarily mean blood vessels. Furthermore, he argues that there are known cases that long after an animal died, some bacteria live in the bone of the animal. So, the soft substances could be from such bacteria.
Secondly, the article posits that microscopic spheres were found inside the bone that they could be red blood cells of the dinosaur. The article notes spheres have iron inside them and also the spheres are dark reddish in color, suggesting they indeed are red blood cells. The lecturer, however, casts doubt on this by asserting that such reddish things were found inside fossils of other animals, which had no red blood cells, from the place. he elaborates on this by mentioning that it is possible that the red things are certain minerals.
Finally, it is stated in the article that collagen was found in the bone of the dinosaur. The author establishes that collagen is the main component of bone tissue. The lecturer, on the other hand, opposes that as known from the evidence that no collagen more than a hundred thousand years has been found in any animal, and consequently, collagen from seventy million years old fossil is unlikely he puts forth the idea that collagen could be resulted from other animals or even could be from researchers' skins.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 295, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_BEGINNING_RULE
Message: Three successive sentences begin with the same word. Reword the sentence or use a thesaurus to find a synonym.
...ns are indeed from the actual dinosaur. The lecturer challenges that statements mad...
^^^
Line 1, column 355, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...ges that statements made by the author. he is of the opinion that they could be ca...
^^
Line 3, column 115, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...ls, indicating they were blood vessels. it is mentioned that the soft substances w...
^^
Line 3, column 268, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...he argument is refuted by the lecturer. he says it does not necessarily mean blood...
^^
Line 5, column 212, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: reddish
...side them and also the spheres are dark reddish in color, suggesting they indeed are red blood c...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 445, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: He
...had no red blood cells, from the place. he elaborates on this by mentioning that i...
^^
Line 7, column 399, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nty million years old fossil is unlikely he puts forth the idea that collagen cou...
^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, consequently, finally, first, furthermore, however, second, secondly, so, first of all, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 27.0 10.4613686534 258% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 20.0 12.0772626932 166% => OK
Pronoun: 35.0 22.412803532 156% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1650.0 1373.03311258 120% => OK
No of words: 331.0 270.72406181 122% => OK
Chars per words: 4.98489425982 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.26537283232 4.04702891845 105% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.52325010704 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 161.0 145.348785872 111% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.486404833837 0.540411800872 90% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 503.1 419.366225166 120% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 70.1171042221 49.2860985944 142% => OK
Chars per sentence: 97.0588235294 110.228320801 88% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.4705882353 21.698381199 90% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.52941176471 7.06452816374 92% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 7.0 4.19205298013 167% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 10.0 4.27373068433 234% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0836673184805 0.272083759551 31% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.024749854347 0.0996497079465 25% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0284107783612 0.0662205650399 43% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0529563947337 0.162205337803 33% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00370769018434 0.0443174109184 8% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.8 13.3589403974 88% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.6 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.92 8.42419426049 94% => OK
difficult_words: 70.0 63.6247240618 110% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.