Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex’s leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably correspond to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron-a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
The reading and the lecture are about the relics of Tyrannosaurus rex. More specifically, in regard to the passage, the writer shows that the remains of the organism contain blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen. The lecturer, however, is quick to point out that there are some serious flaws in the writer's claim. In fact, he believes and addresses in detail the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First and foremost, the author of the reading states that the organism presents with minute branching channels which is equivalent to the hollows in the bones. The lecturer, however, stands in firm opposition to this claim. He states that surface flexibility is not essential for red blood cells. Also, vacant spaces are found in the bone because bacteria left traces of organic remains such as residue in the bone.
Secondly, the writer feels that microscopic examination of the inner bone shows the presence of a sphere that could be the remains of a red blood cell. Again, the speaker addresses the point when he states that spheres are fossils of primitive species that do not possess red blood cells. Therefore they can not be the remains because they are of different sources which originate from reddish marrow.
Finally, the author brings his argument to a close by suggesting that examination of the leg bone shows that collagen is present. Not surprisingly, the professor rebutted this notion by contending that the durability of collagen is not certain because it is more difficult to get collagen that survive for about seventy million years. Therefore it will result in contradicting. Moreover, collagen did not come from Tyrannosaurus rex, probably from other sources because human skins contain collagen, which might be that of the researchers handling the bone.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 4, column 20, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...e reading text. First and foremost, the author of the reading states that th...
^^
Line 6, column 290, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...es that do not possess red blood cells. Therefore they can not be the remains because the...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 9, column 294, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...t is more difficult to get collagen that survive for about seventy million years....
^^
Line 9, column 337, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Therefore,
...urvive for about seventy million years. Therefore it will result in contradicting. Moreov...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, moreover, second, secondly, so, therefore, in fact, such as, in regard to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 4.0 7.30242825607 55% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 17.0 12.0772626932 141% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 37.0 30.3222958057 122% => OK
Nominalization: 5.0 5.01324503311 100% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1518.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 296.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 5.12837837838 5.08290768461 101% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14784890444 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.61017282788 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.516891891892 0.540411800872 96% => OK
syllable_count: 458.1 419.366225166 109% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 15.0 13.0662251656 115% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 44.3153346923 49.2860985944 90% => OK
Chars per sentence: 101.2 110.228320801 92% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.7333333333 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.53333333333 7.06452816374 107% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 4.19205298013 95% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 1.0 4.33554083885 23% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0320590237346 0.272083759551 12% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.00991202206386 0.0996497079465 10% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0170307433127 0.0662205650399 26% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0195842062026 0.162205337803 12% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0158126577524 0.0443174109184 36% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.6 13.3589403974 94% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.47 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.53 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 74.0 63.6247240618 116% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 10.5 10.7273730684 98% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.