Car manufacturers and governments have been eagerly seeking a replacement for the automobile's main source of power, the internal-combustion engine. By far the most promising alternative source of energy for cars is the hydrogen-based fuel-cell engine, which uses hydrogen to create electricity that, in turn, powers the car. Fuel-cell engines have several advantages over internal-combustion engines and will probably soon replace them.
One of the main problems with the internal-combustion engine is that it relies on petroleum, either in the form of gasoline or diesel fuel. Petroleum is a finite resource; someday, we will run out of oil. The hydrogen needed for fuel-cell engines cannot easily be depleted. Hydrogen can be derived from various plentiful sources, including natural gas and even water. The fact that fuel-cell engines utilize easily available, renewable resources makes them particularly attractive.
Second, hydrogen-based fuel cells are attractive because they will solve many of the world's pollution problems. An unavoidable by-product of burning oil is carbon dioxide, and carbon dioxide harms the environment. On the other hand, the only byproduct of fuel-cell engines is water.
Third, fuel-cell engines will soon be economically competitive because people will spend less money to operate a fuel-cell engine than they will to operate an internal-combustion engine. This is true for one simple reason: a fuel-cell automobile is nearly twice as efficient in using its fuel as an automobile powered by an internal-combustion engine is. In other words, the fuel-cell powered car requires only half the fuel energy that the internal-combustion powered car does to go the same distance.
The reading passage claims that Hydrogen fuel-cell engines are a good alternative for natural combustion engines in cars by having the properties of easy availability, pollution safe, affordability and less fuel utilization. However, the lecturer refutes all these arguments in the reading.
First, the professor in the lecture points out that, even if the hydrogen is available easily, it cannot be used in the excavated form. To be used in the automobiles this gas should be in a pure liquid state. She adds that pure hydrogen is a highly artificial substance and it needs -250degreeC to store it. So according to her, it's not practical and needs an immense amount of money to build the lab setting for the storage of the same.
Next, water and natural gas are the easiest sources of hydrogen, the purification industry has to use coal and oil for the separation of pure hydrogen. This will contribute to the pollution crisis to the environment which may sometimes exceed the pollution made by cars using petroleum and diesel.
Last, sophisticated industrial settings are no longer a cost-efficient alternative to internal-combustion engines. She argues that a rare metal Platinum acts as a catalyst for the chemical reaction to power the engines. Furthermore, both the excavations of Platinum and purification of the Hydrogen surpass the cost of digging of petroleum.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, furthermore, however, if, may, so, as to
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 5.0 12.0772626932 41% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 14.0 22.412803532 62% => OK
Preposition: 27.0 30.3222958057 89% => OK
Nominalization: 12.0 5.01324503311 239% => Less nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1158.0 1373.03311258 84% => OK
No of words: 222.0 270.72406181 82% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.21621621622 5.08290768461 103% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.8600083453 4.04702891845 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 3.13664921501 2.5805825403 122% => OK
Unique words: 137.0 145.348785872 94% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.617117117117 0.540411800872 114% => OK
syllable_count: 373.5 419.366225166 89% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.7 1.55342163355 109% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 5.0 3.25607064018 154% => OK
Article: 4.0 8.23620309051 49% => OK
Subordination: 1.0 1.25165562914 80% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 1.0 2.5761589404 39% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 11.0 13.0662251656 84% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 41.2184264339 49.2860985944 84% => OK
Chars per sentence: 105.272727273 110.228320801 96% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.1818181818 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.72727272727 7.06452816374 67% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.243846718357 0.272083759551 90% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0729648284997 0.0996497079465 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0830593086268 0.0662205650399 125% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.140376538508 0.162205337803 87% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0798227191031 0.0443174109184 180% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.2 13.3589403974 99% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 42.72 53.8541721854 79% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 5.55761589404 158% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 12.3 11.0289183223 112% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.0 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 9.18 8.42419426049 109% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.5 10.7273730684 107% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 90.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 27.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.