Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The article mainly talks about the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests and whether these structures can be evidence of existance of bees in 200 milion years ago or not. The article discusses that these structures do not prove bee's existance at that time and provides three reasons of support for it, however the professor believes that bees existed at that time and refutes every reason.
First, the article states that no fossil remains of actual bees have been found that date to 200 million years ago. Conversely. the lecturer dismisses this reason by stating that almost all fossil records of bees bodies are preserved by a special liquid called resen that is produced by kinds of trees that were not common in 200 million years ago. So it is possible that bees existed 200 million years ago, but their fossil records could not be preserved.
Second, the article mentions that no flowering plants existed in 200 million years ago, and since today's bees feed almost exclusively on these plants, they couldn't survive at that time. But the professor indicates that bees could feed from non-flowering plants such as pinetrees and it is possible that they adopted to feed from flowering plants later.
Third the article states that the structres lack some details that today's nests have. For example they don't have spiral caps. The professor agrees that the structures don't have spiral caps, but mentions that the chambers have a special chemical that is water proof and is found in today's bee nests.
- In recent years, many frog species around the world have declined in numbers or even gone extinct due to changes in their environment. These population declines and extinctions have serious consequences for the ecosystems in which frogs live; for example, 80
- Should governments spend more money on improving roads and highways, or should governments spend more money on improving public transportation (buses, trains, subways)? Why? Use specific reasons and details to develop your essay. 76
- Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees i 76
- Some people believe that the Earth is being harmed (damaged) by human activity. Others feel that human activity makes the Earth a better place to live. What is your opinion? 73
- DamsHydropower dams are massive concrete walls placed inside rivers or streams to hold back water. Holes in the dam allow controlled amounts of water to pass through and as it moves through these holes, it passes through a machine, which converts that mov 86
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 117, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Conversely,
...und that date to 200 million years ago. Conversely. the lecturer dismisses this reason by ...
^^^^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 129, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: The
...e to 200 million years ago. Conversely. the lecturer dismisses this reason by stati...
^^^
Line 5, column 157, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...lmost exclusively on these plants, they couldnt survive at that time. But the professor...
^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 104, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...hat todays nests have. For example they dont have spiral caps. The professor agrees ...
^^^^
Line 7, column 168, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...he professor agrees that the structures dont have spiral caps, but mentions that the...
^^^^
Line 7, column 254, Rule ID: EN_COMPOUNDS
Message: This word is normally spelled as one.
Suggestion: waterproof
...hambers have a special chemical that is water proof and is found in todays bee nests.
^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, conversely, first, however, second, so, third, for example, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 10.0 10.4613686534 96% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 3.0 5.04856512141 59% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 20.0 12.0772626932 166% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 24.0 30.3222958057 79% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1281.0 1373.03311258 93% => OK
No of words: 258.0 270.72406181 95% => OK
Chars per words: 4.96511627907 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.00778971557 4.04702891845 99% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.2507101484 2.5805825403 87% => OK
Unique words: 132.0 145.348785872 91% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.511627906977 0.540411800872 95% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 377.1 419.366225166 90% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 6.0 8.23620309051 73% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 4.0 1.51434878587 264% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 57.64035045 49.2860985944 117% => OK
Chars per sentence: 128.1 110.228320801 116% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.8 21.698381199 119% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.2 7.06452816374 102% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 6.0 4.19205298013 143% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.449310760041 0.272083759551 165% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.184969624248 0.0996497079465 186% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.130179739227 0.0662205650399 197% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.247702267348 0.162205337803 153% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.123657841263 0.0443174109184 279% => More connections among paragraphs wanted.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.9 13.3589403974 112% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.56 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.84 12.2367328918 97% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.24 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 55.0 63.6247240618 86% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.