Endotherms are animals such as modern birds and mammals that keep their body temperatures constant. For instance, humans are endotherms and maintain an internal temperature of 37°C, no matter whether the environment is warm or cold. Because dinosaurs were reptiles, and modern reptiles are not endotherms, it was long assumed that dinosaurs were not endotherms. However, dinosaurs differ in many ways from modern reptiles, and there is now considerable evidence that dinosaurs were, in fact, endotherms.
Polar dinosaurs
One reason for believing that dinosaurs were endotherms is that dinosaur fossils have been discovered in polar regions. Only animals that can maintain a temperature well above that of the surrounding environment could be active in such cold climates.
Leg position and movement
There is a connection between endothermy and the position and movement of the legs. The physiology of endothermy allows sustained physical activity, such as running. But running is efficient only if an animal’s legs are positioned underneath its body, not at the body’s side, as they are for crocodiles and many lizards. The legs of all modern endotherms are underneath the body, and so were the legs of dinosaurs. This strongly suggests that dinosaurs were endotherms.
Haversian canals
There is also a connection between endothermy and bone structure. The bones of endotherms usually include structures called Haversian canals. These canals house nerves and blood vessels that allow the living animal to grow quickly, and rapid body growth is in fact a characteristic of endothermy. The presence of Haversian canals in bone is a strong indicator that the animal is an endotherm, and fossilized bones of dinosaurs are usually dense with Haversian canals.
Both the reading and lecture discuss whether dinosaurs were endotherms or not. The former argues that there are three reasons to support that dinosaurs were endotherms, but the latter challenges each of these points.
First of all, the author of the passage claims that polar dinosaurs were endotherms due to fossils were found in polar ice cap regions. In contrast, the professor contends that, the place where polar dinosaur fossils found was much warmer than today. The temperature of polar region was warmer enough that during the part of year even animals that were not endotherms live. During cold season polar dinosaurs could have migrated to warmer area or hibernated as do like modern reptiles.
Second of all, the texts asserts that unlike most modern reptiles, the dinosaurs positioned its legs underneath its body, helps them to running which is characteristics of endotherms, However, the lecture counters that having a leg placed under the body does not mean dinosaurs have high energy build to run, but it might due to more weight. Dinosaurs has advantages over having legs underneath the body due to rapidly growth of its weight helps to running.
Finally, the passage asserts that presence of Haversian canals in dinosaurs allows them to grow speedily, likewise endotherms. Nevertheless, like two reasons before the professor in her lecture proclaims that there is no suspicious about the presence of Haversian canals, but bones growth due to its presence in dinosaurs is not feasible. The bone growth in dinosaurs as a result of growth ring, thickening of growth ring helps to quickly body gain in dinosaurs, and the growth stops during the winter season. Rapid growth of body followed by no growth or slow growth, and again skyrocketing is characteristics of not endotherms animals.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 492, Rule ID: THE_FALL_SEASON[1]
Message: Use simply 'winter'.
Suggestion: winter
... dinosaurs, and the growth stops during the winter season. Rapid growth of body followed by no gr...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, however, likewise, nevertheless, second, so, in contrast, as a result, first of all
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 44.0 30.3222958057 145% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1518.0 1373.03311258 111% => OK
No of words: 293.0 270.72406181 108% => OK
Chars per words: 5.18088737201 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.13729897018 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.63817006508 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 157.0 145.348785872 108% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.535836177474 0.540411800872 99% => OK
syllable_count: 453.6 419.366225166 108% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 0.0 3.25607064018 0% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 5.0 1.51434878587 330% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 12.0 13.0662251656 92% => OK
Sentence length: 24.0 21.2450331126 113% => OK
Sentence length SD: 65.8893748811 49.2860985944 134% => OK
Chars per sentence: 126.5 110.228320801 115% => OK
Words per sentence: 24.4166666667 21.698381199 113% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.66666666667 7.06452816374 123% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 9.0 4.33554083885 208% => Less positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 0.0 4.45695364238 0% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 3.0 4.27373068433 70% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.167141957806 0.272083759551 61% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.072336504937 0.0996497079465 73% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0489531317635 0.0662205650399 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.103978526925 0.162205337803 64% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0399460063946 0.0443174109184 90% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 15.2 13.3589403974 114% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 55.58 53.8541721854 103% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.5 11.0289183223 104% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 13.06 12.2367328918 107% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.49 8.42419426049 101% => OK
difficult_words: 68.0 63.6247240618 107% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 7.5 10.7273730684 70% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.6 10.498013245 110% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 80.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 24.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.