The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E.. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees absorbing carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The lecture and the passage are both discussing the possible causes that led to the extraordinary period of cold temperature known as “The little Ice Age”. In the lecture, the professor believes that none of the mentioned theories is convincing and out of date. On other hand, the writer believes that one of the stated hypotheses is the main cause.
To begin with, the hypothesis that the cooling could have been happened due to disturbing of ocean currents, specifically in the gulf stream is not true. In fact, scholars concluded the change of Gulf stream current could only change the climate in Europe and North America. However, they found out that the southern hemisphere was affected also such as Southern Africa, and New Zealand. Therefore, the theory cannot explain the process of ice age developing, since the southern area have been affected along with the Gulf ocean surrounding areas. This casts doubt on the reading which states that disruption of the Gulf Streams could have led to the formation of the Ice Ag.
In addition, the lecturer states that volcanic theory has limitations. This is because a strong volcanoes eruption produces a large amount of dust in the atmosphere. Therefore, the dust changes the ice color into brown or gray, and the sunset becomes colorful. Although volcanoes had happened, but none of the native people who used to live in the Gulf stream reported change in the ice or the sunset color. Consequently, the volcanos eruption was not strong enough to cool the area. This opposes the author which states that volcanic eruption might have led to cause the Littlie Ice Age.
Finally, the speaker explains why the significant decreased in human populations and the overgrew of forest trees could not be the main reason. This is because the human population came back in a short period of time. Moreover, they cut down trees to clear field for crops harvesting. As a result, the forests didn’t have enough time to cause cooling of climate. This opposes the author which states that the huge amount of forest trees would have resulted in cooling the area.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 97, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'volcanoes'' or 'volcano's'?
Suggestion: volcanoes'; volcano's
...s limitations. This is because a strong volcanoes eruption produces a large amount of dus...
^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 427, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[1]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'volcanos'' or 'volcano's'?
Suggestion: volcanos'; volcano's
... or the sunset color. Consequently, the volcanos eruption was not strong enough to cool ...
^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 203, Rule ID: PERIOD_OF_TIME[1]
Message: Use simply 'period'.
Suggestion: period
...e human population came back in a short period of time. Moreover, they cut down trees to clear...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, consequently, finally, however, if, moreover, so, therefore, in addition, in fact, such as, as a result, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 9.0 7.30242825607 123% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 16.0 22.412803532 71% => OK
Preposition: 43.0 30.3222958057 142% => OK
Nominalization: 7.0 5.01324503311 140% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1768.0 1373.03311258 129% => OK
No of words: 354.0 270.72406181 131% => OK
Chars per words: 4.99435028249 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.33761313653 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.53075815227 2.5805825403 98% => OK
Unique words: 185.0 145.348785872 127% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.522598870056 0.540411800872 97% => OK
syllable_count: 543.6 419.366225166 130% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 36.3376229204 49.2860985944 74% => OK
Chars per sentence: 98.2222222222 110.228320801 89% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.6666666667 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.16666666667 7.06452816374 101% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0922742695873 0.272083759551 34% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0285011793483 0.0996497079465 29% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0327289878357 0.0662205650399 49% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0574110933894 0.162205337803 35% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0206654304344 0.0443174109184 47% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.9 13.3589403974 89% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.66 12.2367328918 95% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.24 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 82.0 63.6247240618 129% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.