The Little Ice Age was a period of unusually cold temperature in many parts of the world that lasted from about the year 1350 until 1900C.E.. There were unusually harsh winters, and glaciers grew larger in many areas. Scientists have long wondered what caused the Little Ice Age. Several possible causes have been proposed.
First, the cooling may have been caused by disrupting of ocean currents. Before the Little Ice Age, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. These melted glaciers sent a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream, a large ocean current that strongly affects Earth's climate. Some scientists believe that this freshwater was enough to temporarily disrupt the Gulf Stream. Such a disruption could have caused the Little Ice Age.
Second, volcanic eruption could have caused the Little Ice Age. When volcanoes erupt, they send dark clouds of dust and sulfur gas into the atmosphere. These clouds, which can spread over great areas, block some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. This can decrease the global temperatures. Scientists know of several volcanic eruption that took place during the Little Ice Age.
Third, substantial decreases in human populations may have contributed indirectly to the cooling of the climate. For a variety of reason(disease, warfare, social disruption), the human population just before the Little Ice Age and during the early part of it was lower than it had been in a long time. Forest trees started growing on fields that were no longer used for agriculture. Since trees absorb carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, they decrease the greenhouse effect that keeps Earth warm. With more forest trees absorbing carbon dioxide, earth became cooler.
The lecture and the passage are both discussing how the extraordinary period of cold temperature that is known as The little Ice Age could have developed. In the lecture, the professor believes that none of the mentioned causes is convincing and out of date. On other hand, the writer believes that one of the stated theories is the main cause.
To begin with, the hypothesis that the cooling could have been happened due to disturbing of ocean currents, specifically in the gulf stream is not true. In fact, scholars now know that disrupting the Gulf stream could cause cooling only in Europe and North America. However, they found out that the southern hemisphere was affected also such as Southern Africa, and New Zealand; since there is no rational reason that could justify why these areas became colder. Thus, it cannot explain the Ice age. This casts doubt on the reading which states that turbulence of the Gulf Streams could have led to the formation of the Ice Ag.
In addition, the lecturer states that volcanic theory has limitations. This is because if volcanoes erupted then it would produce a large amount of dust in the atmosphere. Hence, the dust might cause to turn the ice color into brown or gray, and the sunset becomes colorful. However, none of the native people who used to live in the Gulf stream reported environmental changes. This opposes the author which states that volcanic eruption might have led to cause the Littlie Ice Age.
Finally, the speaker explains why the significant decrease in human populations and the growing of forest trees could not be the main reason. This is because the human population grew back in a short time. Thus, farmers cut down trees to clear field for crops to feed the growing population. As a result, the forests didn’t have enough time to cause cooling of climate. This opposes the author which states that the huge amount of forest trees would have resulted in cooling the area.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 201, Rule ID: ALLOW_TO[1]
Message: Did you mean 'turning'? Or maybe you should add a pronoun? In active voice, 'cause' + 'to' takes an object, usually a pronoun.
Suggestion: turning
...atmosphere. Hence, the dust might cause to turn the ice color into brown or gray, and t...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, finally, hence, however, if, so, then, thus, in addition, in fact, such as, as a result, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 11.0 5.04856512141 218% => Less auxiliary verb wanted.
Conjunction : 7.0 7.30242825607 96% => OK
Relative clauses : 15.0 12.0772626932 124% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 22.412803532 89% => OK
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1627.0 1373.03311258 118% => OK
No of words: 334.0 270.72406181 123% => OK
Chars per words: 4.87125748503 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.27500489853 4.04702891845 106% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.42076375777 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 183.0 145.348785872 126% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.547904191617 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 500.4 419.366225166 119% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 19.0 21.2450331126 89% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.1771679325 49.2860985944 86% => OK
Chars per sentence: 95.7058823529 110.228320801 87% => OK
Words per sentence: 19.6470588235 21.698381199 91% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.35294117647 7.06452816374 90% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 4.33554083885 115% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0843585078998 0.272083759551 31% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0298100373219 0.0996497079465 30% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0432407499903 0.0662205650399 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0566193661807 0.162205337803 35% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0303791174135 0.0443174109184 69% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.3 13.3589403974 85% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 60.65 53.8541721854 113% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.5 11.0289183223 86% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.97 12.2367328918 90% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.03 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 73.0 63.6247240618 115% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 9.6 10.498013245 91% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.