Like many creatures, humpback whales migrate long distances for feeding and mating purposes. How animals manage to migrate long distances is often puzzling. In the case of humpback whales, we may have found the answer: they may be navigating by the stars, much as early human sailors did. What we know about humpback whales makes this a distinct possibility.
First, humpback whales seem to be intelligent enough to use stars to navigate by. Whales' brains have a high degree of complexity'a common determiner of intelligence. This suggests that the whales' brain power far exceeds that of most other animals. The whales' well-developed cognitive ability seems to provide a sound basis for the ability to use a complex, abstract system of sensory stimuli such as the night sky for orientation.
Second, humpback whales migrate in straight lines. Animals can maintain movement in a straight direction for long distances only if they orient themselves by some external objects or forces. Many birds and other terrestrial creatures, for example, use physical landmarks to help them stay on track as they migrate. Whales, which swim in the open ocean, cannot rely on land features; they could, however, rely on stars at night to provide them with external signs by which to maintain direction over long distances.
Third, humpback whales exhibit an unusual behavior: they are sometimes observed floating straight up for minutes at a time, their heads above the water as though they were looking upward. The behavior is known as spy-hopping, and it is very rare among marine animals. One explanation for the function of spy-hopping is that the whales are looking at the stars, which are providing them with information to navigate by.
The presented passage provides information about the migration as a complicated process. Particularly, it discusses how humpback whales use starts in the night sky for finding the course. However, the lecturer casts doubt on every explanation of why the whales are believed to navigate by stars.
First of all, the reading passage states that these whales are smart species, and that their brain is highly-developed compared to other animals. It is able to analyze sophisticated systems like the night sky which is full of stars. Controversially, the lecturer says that even such animals as ducks with the average level of cognitive abilities are able to use starts as a compass. Thus, there is no correlation between the level of intelligent and the fact that the whales use it for analyzing the sky.
The second aspect in the passage present information that the whales migrate in a straight line, which provides the following idea that animals can do it only when they coordinate their movements based on an external object. As there are not any land ones, the whales use starts for this purpose. Otherwise, the lecturer argues this idea by saying that the whales may use the Earth magnate field rather than the starts. He supports this idea by mentioning that there is a special substance having found in their brains.
Lastly, the passage explains the strange behavior of the whales which is to raise their heads out of the water, as the reason to look upward and observe stars better. Again the lecturer says that sharks act in the same way, although they do not migrate at all. He adds that sharks do this for hunting, thus this aspect is clearly speculative.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 7, column 344, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...hus this aspect is clearly speculative.
^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
first, however, lastly, look, may, second, so, thus, first of all, in the same way
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 28.0 22.412803532 125% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 28.0 30.3222958057 92% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1395.0 1373.03311258 102% => OK
No of words: 283.0 270.72406181 105% => OK
Chars per words: 4.92932862191 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.10153676581 4.04702891845 101% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.62086975714 2.5805825403 102% => OK
Unique words: 154.0 145.348785872 106% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.544169611307 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 430.2 419.366225166 103% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 8.0 8.23620309051 97% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 0.0 2.5761589404 0% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 20.0 21.2450331126 94% => OK
Sentence length SD: 39.8781306749 49.2860985944 81% => OK
Chars per sentence: 99.6428571429 110.228320801 90% => OK
Words per sentence: 20.2142857143 21.698381199 93% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.85714285714 7.06452816374 83% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 7.0 4.33554083885 161% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.157144182777 0.272083759551 58% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0541915154475 0.0996497079465 54% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0289457244163 0.0662205650399 44% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0984908900796 0.162205337803 61% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.041517112935 0.0443174109184 94% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.9 13.3589403974 89% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 59.64 53.8541721854 111% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.31 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.03 8.42419426049 95% => OK
difficult_words: 61.0 63.6247240618 96% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 8.5 10.7273730684 79% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.0 10.498013245 95% => OK
text_standard: 10.0 11.2008830022 89% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.