Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
The passage and lecture are mainly about whether Pterosaurs were capable of powered flight. The author think Pterosaurs cannot flight and he gives some reasons; however, the professor does not think so.
According to the passage, Pterosaurs cannot produce a lot of energy because they were probably cold-blooded and cold-blooded animals usually has a slow metabolism and cannot support Pterosaurs to fly. On the contrary, professor argues that they find tense hair like fur in Pterosaurs fossil, and he think Pterosaurs were warm-blooded animals because the fur usually keeps them warm, and then Pterosaurs can produce enough energy to fly.
The author points out that Pterosaurs cannot fly just because they are too heavy. On the other hand, professor says that Pterosaurs have their own structure and then will be more light, also, they have hollow bone. So, in this way, Pterosaurs are able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft with a lightweight.
The author indicates that Pterosaurs cannot run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into air because their weak back legs. professor states that Pterosaurs are different from birds, birds can just only use their two legs, but Pterosaurs can use their four limbs. In other words, they can run fast enough or jump high enough, so Pterosaurs have strong body to support to do it.
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- Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were cap 73
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 300, Rule ID: HE_VERB_AGR[1]
Message: The pronoun 'he' must be used with a third-person verb: 'thinks'.
Suggestion: thinks
...r like fur in Pterosaurs fossil, and he think Pterosaurs were warm-blooded animals be...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 141, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Professor
... into air because their weak back legs. professor states that Pterosaurs are different fr...
^^^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, however, if, so, then, in other words, on the contrary, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 8.0 10.4613686534 76% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 10.0 5.04856512141 198% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 5.0 12.0772626932 41% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 21.0 30.3222958057 69% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1140.0 1373.03311258 83% => OK
No of words: 224.0 270.72406181 83% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.08928571429 5.08290768461 100% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.86867284054 4.04702891845 96% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.45832612705 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 125.0 145.348785872 86% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.558035714286 0.540411800872 103% => OK
syllable_count: 334.8 419.366225166 80% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 3.25607064018 61% => OK
Article: 5.0 8.23620309051 61% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 2.5761589404 194% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 10.0 13.0662251656 77% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 22.0 21.2450331126 104% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.1623222986 49.2860985944 94% => OK
Chars per sentence: 114.0 110.228320801 103% => OK
Words per sentence: 22.4 21.698381199 103% => OK
Discourse Markers: 8.4 7.06452816374 119% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 2.0 4.45695364238 45% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 4.0 4.27373068433 94% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.232755059521 0.272083759551 86% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.108189923351 0.0996497079465 109% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0445489078675 0.0662205650399 67% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.154433473525 0.162205337803 95% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0318514189149 0.0443174109184 72% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 13.7 13.3589403974 103% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 57.61 53.8541721854 107% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.7 11.0289183223 97% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.54 12.2367328918 102% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.12 8.42419426049 85% => OK
difficult_words: 34.0 63.6247240618 53% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.8 10.498013245 103% => OK
text_standard: 13.0 11.2008830022 116% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.