Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs Many pterosaurs were very large some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capabl | TOEFL IELTS GMAT GRE SAT ACT PTE ESL

Essay topics:

Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.

Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.

Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.

Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.

Both the article and the lecture talk about the probability of whether Pterosaurs were capable to powered fly or no. While the article proposes three prohibiting features for this large ancient animals which did not allow them to fly, the lecturer denies all the author’s reasons and challenges them.
First, the reading passage asserts that Pterosaurs were cold-blood like contemporary reptiles. As a result, they had a low metabolism rate which could not provide them enough energy to fly. On the other hand, the lecturer refutes this opinion by explaining that despite this that Pterosaurs were cold-blooded, recent discoveries proved that they had some dense hair like birds’ feathers which help them keep their bodies warm in chilly weather. Then they could fly with lower energy because their bodies were warm.
Second, the reading materials avers that those gigantic animals were so much heavy such as a giraffe. There is a weight limit for animals to fly. Conversely, the lecturer challenges this idea by mentioning that Pterosaurs had an unusual anatomical feature, hollow bones, which lowered their body's weight. Hence, they could fly with this feature despite their enormous frames. With this lightweight body it was not so hard to keep itself afloat in air.
Third, the author mentions that unlike flying animals which can run fast or jump to take off, Pterosaurs could not jump or run fast to take off, because they did not have muscular hind legs. However, the professor rejects this by saying that Pterosaurs could use all four limbs to run fast or jump. She mentions that they use four limp to push the ground and with this technique they could jump to air or run fast to reach enough speed to take off.

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Essay Categories

Integrated TOEFL Writing

Comments

Essay evaluations by e-grader

Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 2, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...author’s reasons and challenges them. First, the reading passage asserts that ...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...nergy because their bodies were warm. Second, the reading materials avers that...
^^^^^^
Line 4, column 1, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...so hard to keep itself afloat in air. Third, the author mentions that unlike f...
^^^^^^^

Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, first, hence, however, second, so, then, third, while, such as, as a result, on the other hand

Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments

Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 7.0 10.4613686534 67% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 7.0 5.04856512141 139% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 7.30242825607 110% => OK
Relative clauses : 14.0 12.0772626932 116% => OK
Pronoun: 36.0 22.412803532 161% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 31.0 30.3222958057 102% => OK
Nominalization: 0.0 5.01324503311 0% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.

Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1460.0 1373.03311258 106% => OK
No of words: 296.0 270.72406181 109% => OK
Chars per words: 4.93243243243 5.08290768461 97% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.14784890444 4.04702891845 102% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.43684846886 2.5805825403 94% => OK
Unique words: 163.0 145.348785872 112% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.550675675676 0.540411800872 102% => OK
syllable_count: 424.8 419.366225166 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK

A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 0.0 1.51434878587 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK

Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 57.2251193595 49.2860985944 116% => OK
Chars per sentence: 104.285714286 110.228320801 95% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.1428571429 21.698381199 97% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.57142857143 7.06452816374 107% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?

Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.168144647764 0.272083759551 62% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0640142315091 0.0996497079465 64% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0534381736784 0.0662205650399 81% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.109627608564 0.162205337803 68% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0435103510191 0.0443174109184 98% => OK

Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.4 13.3589403974 93% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 67.08 53.8541721854 125% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.1 11.0289183223 83% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.31 12.2367328918 92% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.09 8.42419426049 96% => OK
difficult_words: 64.0 63.6247240618 101% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?

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Rates: 76.6666666667 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 23.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.

Essay evaluations by e-grader

Transition Words or Phrases used:
conversely, first, hence, however, second, so, then, third, while, such as, as a result, on the other hand

Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments