Pterosaurs were an ancient group of winged reptiles that lived alongside the dinosaurs. Many pterosaurs were very large, some as large as a giraffe and with a wingspan of over 12 meters. Paleontologists have long wondered whether large pterosaurs were capable of powered flight (flying by flapping their wings) or whether they were able only to glide. Several arguments have been made against powered flight.
Doubters point out that since modern reptiles are cold-blooded, ancient reptiles such as pterosaurs were probably cold-blooded as well. Cold-blooded animals typically have a slow metabolism and are unable to produce a lot of energy. Powered flight is an activity requiring a lot of energy, which is why all modern vertebrates that fly are warm-blooded, not cold-blooded. It seemed unlikely that pterosaurs would have been able to generate the energy needed to fly.
Second, there is a limit to the weight of animals that can be kept airborne by powered flight. Pterosaurs that were as large as a giraffe were probably so heavy that they would not have been able to flap their wings fast enough to stay aloft for any length of time.
Third, all animals with powered flight are able to take off from the ground. For example, birds take off by jumping from their legs or running to gain speed and then jumping. But these methods would not have worked for large pterosaurs. Large pterosaurs would have needed big, powerful muscles in their back legs to launch themselves into the air, and we know from fossilized bones that their back leg muscles were too small and weak to allow the pterosaurs to run fast enough or jump high enough to launch themselves into the air.
Both the lecturer and the reading passage talk about the powered flight of Pterosaurs. While the writer brings three reasons to confirm that Pterosaurs couldn't able to fly, the professor hold the coliding viewpoint and she believes that Pterosaurs might been capable to flight.
First, the reading states that Pterosaurs were might been cold-blooded, as the modern reptiles are. Hence they couldn't do energy-demanding activity like flying. On the other hand, the lecturer asserts that there are some evidents that Pterosaurs had had hair to maintain warm in the harsh cold environment. So they might been warm-blooded due to this feature, and they were able to flight.
Second, the auothor indicates to Pterosaurs' enormous weight. So Pterosaurs couldn't be able to overcome their weight to fly. But, the professor says that Pterosaurs been unually light. Their bones were hallow instead to be solid. So they had low weight.
Finally, the writer declares that Pterosaurs should had take-off ability to fly, like birds. However, there is no evidence in their fossils exhibit this ability. In contrast, the lecturer beleives that Pterosaurs exert all their four lims to fly.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 153, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...hree reasons to confirm that Pterosaurs couldnt able to fly, the professor hold the col...
^^^^^^^
Line 1, column 255, Rule ID: PRP_PAST_PART[2]
Message: Did you mean 'have been' or 'be'?
Suggestion: have been; be
... and she believes that Pterosaurs might been capable to flight. First, the readin...
^^^^
Line 3, column 54, Rule ID: PRP_PAST_PART[2]
Message: Did you mean 'have been' or 'be'?
Suggestion: have been; be
...ading states that Pterosaurs were might been cold-blooded, as the modern reptiles ar...
^^^^
Line 3, column 101, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Hence,
...ld-blooded, as the modern reptiles are. Hence they couldnt do energy-demanding activi...
^^^^^
Line 3, column 112, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
... as the modern reptiles are. Hence they couldnt do energy-demanding activity like flyin...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 247, Rule ID: ENGLISH_WORD_REPEAT_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a word
Suggestion: had
...there are some evidents that Pterosaurs had had hair to maintain warm in the harsh cold...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 322, Rule ID: PRP_PAST_PART[2]
Message: Did you mean 'have been' or 'be'?
Suggestion: have been; be
...e harsh cold environment. So they might been warm-blooded due to this feature, and t...
^^^^
Line 5, column 76, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: couldn't
...erosaurs enormous weight. So Pterosaurs couldnt be able to overcome their weight to fly...
^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 202, Rule ID: BEEN_PART_AGREEMENT[1]
Message: Consider using a past participle here: 'hallowed'.
Suggestion: hallowed
...rs been unually light. Their bones were hallow instead to be solid. So they had low we...
^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, hence, however, second, so, while, in contrast, on the other hand
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 12.0 10.4613686534 115% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 4.0 5.04856512141 79% => OK
Conjunction : 3.0 7.30242825607 41% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 8.0 12.0772626932 66% => More relative clauses wanted.
Pronoun: 19.0 22.412803532 85% => OK
Preposition: 21.0 30.3222958057 69% => OK
Nominalization: 2.0 5.01324503311 40% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 993.0 1373.03311258 72% => OK
No of words: 187.0 270.72406181 69% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.31016042781 5.08290768461 104% => OK
Fourth root words length: 3.69794460899 4.04702891845 91% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.60879271356 2.5805825403 101% => OK
Unique words: 108.0 145.348785872 74% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.577540106952 0.540411800872 107% => OK
syllable_count: 283.5 419.366225166 68% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 1.0 3.25607064018 31% => OK
Article: 7.0 8.23620309051 85% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 3.0 2.5761589404 116% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 13.0 21.2450331126 61% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 40.5827449007 49.2860985944 82% => OK
Chars per sentence: 70.9285714286 110.228320801 64% => OK
Words per sentence: 13.3571428571 21.698381199 62% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.14285714286 7.06452816374 87% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 9.0 4.19205298013 215% => Less language errors wanted.
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 1.0 4.45695364238 22% => More negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.182572719378 0.272083759551 67% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.065085335538 0.0996497079465 65% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0487488898801 0.0662205650399 74% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.112265095798 0.162205337803 69% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0273484428686 0.0443174109184 62% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.3 13.3589403974 77% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 66.74 53.8541721854 124% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.2 11.0289183223 65% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.93 12.2367328918 106% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.25 8.42419426049 98% => OK
difficult_words: 47.0 63.6247240618 74% => More difficult words wanted.
linsear_write_formula: 8.0 10.7273730684 75% => OK
gunning_fog: 7.2 10.498013245 69% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 60.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 18.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.