Starting in the 1960s and continuing until the 1980s, sailors in Russian submarines patrolling the North Atlantic and Arctic Ocean would occasionally hear strange sounds. These underwater noises reminded the submarine crews of frog croaks, so they called the sounds “quackers” (from the Russian word for frog sounds). The sources of the sound seemed to be moving with great speed and agility; however, the submarines’ sonar (a method of detecting objects underwater) was unable to detect any solid moving objects in the area. There are several theories about what might have caused the odd sounds.
The first theory suggests that the strange noises were actually the calls of male and female orca whales during a courtship ritual. Orca whales are known to inhabit the areas where the submarines were picking up the bizarre noises. Orcas have been studied extensively, and the sounds they make when trying to attract a mate are similar to those that the submarines were detecting.
A second idea is that the sounds were caused by giant squid. Giant squid are giant marine invertebrates that live deep in the ocean and prey on large fish. They are difficult to detect by sonar because they have soft bodies with no skeleton. Not much is known about giant squid behavior, but their complex brains suggest they are intelligent animals. It is possible they have the ability to emit sound, and perhaps they approached the submarines out of curiosity.
A third theory suggests the Russian submarines were picking up stray sounds from some military technology, like another country’s submarines that were secretly patrolling the area. Perhaps the foreign submarines did not register on the sonar because they were using a kind of technology specifically designed to make them undetectable by sonar. The strange froglike sounds may have been emitted by the foreign submarines unintentionally.
The reading and the lecture are both about the quakers, which is an odd sound heard by the Russian sailors. The reading presents three possible explanations for this phenomenon, but the lecturer feels that none of these explanations are plausible.
To begin with, the author suggests that the strange sound is caused by male and female orca whales that they make sounds when they trying to attract others. However, the lecturer claims that it is highly unlikely to be orca whales. She says that although it is true that orca whales have a large population in the place where Russian submarines patrolling, orca whales live near the surface, while the submarine always dives deep into the ocean. So the sailors could not detect the sound which makes by the whales.
Secondly, the author provides other theories of the quakers. He said that the sounds were caused by the giant squid. Because they don't have any skeleton of their body, they might not be detected by sonar. Well, in the lecture, the lecturer disagrees with this theory. She states that the sound was first to be detected in 1960 and it continued until 1980. But the giant squids are still living in the ocean now, it is possible that the squid could not be detected after 1980.
Thirdly, the author posts that the sound has the chance to be generated by the foreign submarines which were secretly patrolling the area. Nonetheless, the lecturer holds a negative attitude towards this theory. She said that the sound shifts quickly in the ocean. If the sound was from the submarines, it might have the engine sound when it appeared near the Russian submarine. Moreover, the submarine at that time could not move that fast and be that silent with the engine.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 131, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: don't
...caused by the giant squid. Because they dont have any skeleton of their body, they m...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, first, however, if, moreover, nonetheless, second, secondly, so, still, third, thirdly, well, while, it is true, to begin with
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 18.0 10.4613686534 172% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 5.0 5.04856512141 99% => OK
Conjunction : 6.0 7.30242825607 82% => OK
Relative clauses : 20.0 12.0772626932 166% => OK
Pronoun: 33.0 22.412803532 147% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 30.0 30.3222958057 99% => OK
Nominalization: 1.0 5.01324503311 20% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1431.0 1373.03311258 104% => OK
No of words: 297.0 270.72406181 110% => OK
Chars per words: 4.81818181818 5.08290768461 95% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.15134772569 4.04702891845 103% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.2854637509 2.5805825403 89% => OK
Unique words: 153.0 145.348785872 105% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.515151515152 0.540411800872 95% => OK
syllable_count: 423.9 419.366225166 101% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.4 1.55342163355 90% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 7.0 3.25607064018 215% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.23620309051 109% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 2.0 1.51434878587 132% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 17.0 13.0662251656 130% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 41.7647058824 49.2860985944 85% => OK
Chars per sentence: 84.1764705882 110.228320801 76% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.4705882353 21.698381199 81% => OK
Discourse Markers: 7.70588235294 7.06452816374 109% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 1.0 4.19205298013 24% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 3.0 4.33554083885 69% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 4.45695364238 67% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 11.0 4.27373068433 257% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.180929965548 0.272083759551 66% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0547872239651 0.0996497079465 55% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.040788240015 0.0662205650399 62% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.105711469802 0.162205337803 65% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.043851951571 0.0443174109184 99% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 10.0 13.3589403974 75% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 71.14 53.8541721854 132% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 7.6 11.0289183223 69% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 10.38 12.2367328918 85% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 7.62 8.42419426049 90% => OK
difficult_words: 59.0 63.6247240618 93% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 8.0 11.2008830022 71% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 75.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.