TPO45
Did bees (a type of insect) exist on Earth as early as 200 million years ago? Such a theory is supported by the discovery of very old fossil structures that resemble bee nests. The structures have been found inside 200- million-year-old fossilized trees in the state of Arizona in the southwestern United States. However, many skeptics doubt that the structures were created by bees. The skeptics support their view with several arguments. No Fossils of Actual Bees First, no fossil remains of actual bees have ever been found that date to 200 million years ago. The earliest preserved body of a bee is 100 million years old—only half as old as the fossilized structures discovered in Arizona. Absence of Flowering Plants A second reason to doubt that bees existed 200 million years ago is the absence of flowering plants in that period. Today's bees feed almost exclusively on the flowers of flowering plants; in fact, bees and flowering plants have evolved a close, mutually dependent biological relationship. Flowering plants, however, first appeared on Earth 125 million years ago. Given the bees’ close association with flowering plants, it is unlikely bees could have existed before that time. Structures Lack Some Details Third, while the fossilized structures found in Arizona are somewhat similar to nest chambers made by modern bees, they lack some of the finer details of bees’ nests. For example, chambers of modern bee nests are closed by caps that have a spiral pattern, but the fossilized chambers lack such caps. That suggests the fossilized structures were made by other insects, such as wood-boring beetles.
The passage and the lecture are about the longevity of presence of bees on earth. While the passage casts doubt on the claim that bees existed 200 million years ago, the lecturer refutes author's ideas and believes that it is possible for bees to exist as early as mentioned.
To begin, the reading points that no fossils of a bee body has ever found which goes back to 200 million years ago, and the oldest preserved fossil is about 100 million years old, only half of the claimed number. On the contrary, the speaker maintains that the bee body is not likely to be preserved for a long time, unless there are special circumstances. In fact, in order to have a preserved body of a bee, the corpse should be preserved in a rasin of a special tree, and those trees were rare back in 200 million years ago. it is possible that later on those trees became common and their presence eventuated in the creation of 100 million years old fossils.
Secondly, the passage contends that since bees nutrition is dependent on flowering plants, in the absence of those plants bees are unable to feed and live; the situation which was prevalent 200 million years back from now. However, the speaker gainsays author's reasoning by mentioning the probability of bees being independent from flowering plants in the past. She explains that although the realtion is strong today, bees used to feed on non-flowering plants like pine trees, before the evolution of flowering species. To clarify, the intimate relationship of bees and flowers began after the emergence of the flowering plants, and has been strengthened since then.
Finally, the reading asserts that found fossils lack details on spiral patterns in caps and they cannot belong to bees. The woman undermines is against that argument and notes that although the missing details exist, there are some remenants of waterproof materials in the found old hives. those distinctive materials are being used today by bees to fulifill the exact purpose. So it is possible to claim that the 200 miliion years fossil belongs to ancient bees.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 529, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: It
...ere rare back in 200 million years ago. it is possible that later on those trees b...
^^
Line 7, column 291, Rule ID: UPPERCASE_SENTENCE_START
Message: This sentence does not start with an uppercase letter
Suggestion: Those
...proof materials in the found old hives. those distinctive materials are being used to...
^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
finally, however, if, second, secondly, so, then, while, in fact, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 20.0 10.4613686534 191% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 2.0 5.04856512141 40% => OK
Conjunction : 10.0 7.30242825607 137% => OK
Relative clauses : 13.0 12.0772626932 108% => OK
Pronoun: 21.0 22.412803532 94% => OK
Preposition: 54.0 30.3222958057 178% => OK
Nominalization: 10.0 5.01324503311 199% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1728.0 1373.03311258 126% => OK
No of words: 354.0 270.72406181 131% => OK
Chars per words: 4.8813559322 5.08290768461 96% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.33761313653 4.04702891845 107% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.46430031088 2.5805825403 95% => OK
Unique words: 175.0 145.348785872 120% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.494350282486 0.540411800872 91% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 515.7 419.366225166 123% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 3.0 3.25607064018 92% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 3.0 1.25165562914 240% => Less adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 3.0 1.51434878587 198% => OK
Preposition: 7.0 2.5761589404 272% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 13.0662251656 107% => OK
Sentence length: 25.0 21.2450331126 118% => OK
Sentence length SD: 42.9781624663 49.2860985944 87% => OK
Chars per sentence: 123.428571429 110.228320801 112% => OK
Words per sentence: 25.2857142857 21.698381199 117% => OK
Discourse Markers: 5.78571428571 7.06452816374 82% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 2.0 4.19205298013 48% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 4.0 4.33554083885 92% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 5.0 4.27373068433 117% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0687345247638 0.272083759551 25% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0297900547312 0.0996497079465 30% => Sentence topic similarity is low.
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0192082616956 0.0662205650399 29% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0453796200296 0.162205337803 28% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.00608053086965 0.0443174109184 14% => Paragraphs are similar to each other. Some content may get duplicated or it is not exactly right on the topic.
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.2 13.3589403974 106% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 54.56 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.9 11.0289183223 108% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.32 12.2367328918 93% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.4 8.42419426049 100% => OK
difficult_words: 79.0 63.6247240618 124% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 13.0 10.7273730684 121% => OK
gunning_fog: 12.0 10.498013245 114% => OK
text_standard: 12.0 11.2008830022 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
It is not exactly right on the topic in the view of e-grader. Maybe there is a wrong essay topic.
Rates: 3.33333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 1.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.