Recently, there has been a ton of debate about what caused the Little Ice Age. More specifically, regarding the passage, the author puts forth the idea that some environmental phenomena and changes in the human population prompt the Little Ice Age period. In the listening, the lecturer is quick to point out there are some serious flaws in the writer's claims. In fact, the professor believes that the reasons mentioned by the writer are out of date and not convincing, and addresses the trouble with each point made in the reading text.
First of all, the writer states that some disruptions of ocean currents may have an effect on cooling. In fact, there was a period of unusually warm weather during which glaciers melted. Thus, it released a large amount of cold freshwater into the Gulf Stream. Some professionals in the field stand in firm opposition to this claim. The speaker, for example, believes that changes in ocean currents would cause the cooling only in Europe and North America, but as the scientists suggest, it happened everywhere, for example, in Africa and New Zealand. Therefore, this event cannot be a cause for the changes in climate.
One group of scholars, represented by the writer, think that volcanic eruptions could have caused the Little Ice Age. They posit that dark clouds of dust and sulfur sent by the eruptions blocked some sunlight from reaching Earth's surface. Not all experts in the field believe this is accurate. Again, the professor addresses this point when he states that there should have been some records of visual effects such as colorful sunset or brown snows if this phenomenon has happened, and hence the people should have some reports of these events. But as there is no evidence regarding this matter, the clouds probably were not strong enough to cover significant parts of the Earth's surface.
Finally, the writer wraps this argument by proposing that there was a decline in human population, and it resulted in forests growing on agricultural lands, and therefore there were fewer greenhouse gases which kept the Earth warm. Not surprisingly, the professor takes issue with this claim by contending that there was not enough time for such chains of events. The human population grew fast after the decline, and forests were cut down quickly again by humans.
To sum up, the writer and the lecturer hold conflicting views about what caused the Little Ice Age.
Transition Words or Phrases used:
but, finally, first, hence, if, may, regarding, so, therefore, thus, for example, in fact, such as, first of all, to sum up
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 14.0 10.4613686534 134% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 6.0 5.04856512141 119% => OK
Conjunction : 14.0 7.30242825607 192% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 23.0 22.412803532 103% => OK
Preposition: 52.0 30.3222958057 171% => OK
Nominalization: 6.0 5.01324503311 120% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 2023.0 1373.03311258 147% => OK
No of words: 405.0 270.72406181 150% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 4.9950617284 5.08290768461 98% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.48604634366 4.04702891845 111% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.47516055097 2.5805825403 96% => OK
Unique words: 222.0 145.348785872 153% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.548148148148 0.540411800872 101% => OK
syllable_count: 612.0 419.366225166 146% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.55342163355 97% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 4.0 3.25607064018 123% => OK
Article: 11.0 8.23620309051 134% => OK
Subordination: 0.0 1.25165562914 0% => More adverbial clause wanted.
Conjunction: 7.0 1.51434878587 462% => Less conjunction wanted as sentence beginning.
Preposition: 6.0 2.5761589404 233% => Less preposition wanted as sentence beginnings.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 19.0 13.0662251656 145% => OK
Sentence length: 21.0 21.2450331126 99% => OK
Sentence length SD: 56.8529716709 49.2860985944 115% => OK
Chars per sentence: 106.473684211 110.228320801 97% => OK
Words per sentence: 21.3157894737 21.698381199 98% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.47368421053 7.06452816374 92% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.09492273731 122% => OK
Language errors: 0.0 4.19205298013 0% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 2.0 4.33554083885 46% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 8.0 4.45695364238 179% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 9.0 4.27373068433 211% => Less facts, knowledge or examples wanted.
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.151711147396 0.272083759551 56% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0477790842276 0.0996497079465 48% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0518333677879 0.0662205650399 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0891802182593 0.162205337803 55% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0265853061823 0.0443174109184 60% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 12.8 13.3589403974 96% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 58.62 53.8541721854 109% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 10.3 11.0289183223 93% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 11.72 12.2367328918 96% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.38 8.42419426049 99% => OK
difficult_words: 95.0 63.6247240618 149% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 10.4 10.498013245 99% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 11.2008830022 98% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Write the essay in 20 minutes.
Rates: 63.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 19.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.