In an attempt to improve highway safety, Prunty county last year lowered its speed limit from 55 to 45 mph on all county highways. But this effort has failed: the number of accidents has not decreased and based on the reports of the highway patrol, many drivers are exceeding the speed limit. Prunty county should instead undertake the same kind of road improvement project that Butler county did 5 years ago: increasing road widths, resurfacing county highways, and improving visibility at dangerous intersections. Today, major Butler county roads still have 55 mph speed limit, yet there were 25% fewer reported accidents in Butler county this past year than there were 5 years ago.
The author presents an argument in which he states that as the measures taken by Prunty county to increase public safety on highways seems to have borne no fruit and failed, they should adopt the same measures undertaken by Butler county 5 years ago in order to increase highway safety and thereby accomplish their intended goals. However, the author has presented a weak argument based on fallacious beliefs, and spurious evidence has been given to fortify his assertions.
The author has premised his argument on the supposed fact that the measures Prunty county had undertaken were to no avail and have failed to increase road safety on the highways in Prunty county. However, the author, while mentioning that the number of accidents have not decreased, has failed to provide specific information on the type of accidents which he claims have remained unchanged in number. It could be that actually serious and fatal accidents, such as those between cars, trucks, buses, etc. which have great potency to claim many lives in a single engagement have actually decreased while minor accidents, such as those between pedestrians and bicycles have remained the same, which while able to injure are certainly not potent enough to kill. In this case, Prunty county has practically succeeded in its attempt to increase safety, and which thereby reveals weak and vague evidence being provided by the author in this regard. The author also provides a specious claim that many drivers were reported to be above the speed limit. But, many is a vague term and does not specify exactly how many drivers were actually above the speed limit and to what extent had they crossed the speed limit at the moment of recording. It could be that out of 1000 drivers observed, only 50 drivers were seen to be disregarding the speed limit imposed and out of those only 20 were actually more than 5-10 mph above the 45 mph speed limit. This alternative explanation reveals the flaw of vagueness in the author's stated evidence, because while being even 1 mph above the speed limit is technically a violation, it is not enough to cause any more serious or unexpectedly severe accidents than those considered by the authorities to be plausible at 45 mph.
In order to combat the ineffectiveness of the measures stated, the author suggests that Prunty county implement the same kind of road improvement projects that Butler county did. Specific evidence would be needed to ascertain if the measures already in place in Prunty county cannot be made more efficacious by methods like heavier fines, road safety education programs, making seat belts compulsory in cars and helmets on bikes, etc. Besides, the author has provided no evidence to back his claims that because the measures in Butler county seemed to work there, they would also work in Prunty county. The author relies on a fallacious belief of associative comparison between the two counties, without providing evidence to prove that the two counties are indeed similar in terms of geography, area expanse, density and amount of traffic on the roadways in each county, etc. These factors are prime in considering the effectiveness of the measures being considered. Maybe Prunty county is a prime hub of economic activity in the region, because of which the traffic density and amount, especially heavier vehicles such as multi-axle trucks, buses, etc. which are usually involved in the more serious and sometimes fatal accidents, are more in Prunty than in Butler county. Maybe Butler county is provincial, small in size which does not see much traffic because of which some of the measures worked. It could also be that Prunty county has mountainous areas which make a journey perilous even with safety measures in place, while Butler county has more plains. Specific information about the types and amount of vehicles, frequency and points of frequent collisions and accidents are also needed to know if the measure of better visibility at intersections would actually work in Prunty county, especially if the highways in Prunty have almost non-existent intersections.
Also, the author has argued that the supposed measures can be considered effective, because they have led to a 25% decrease in road accidents, but has given no specific information about the number of accidents before and after the measures were implemented in the duration of 5 years. Also, it is necessary to keep in mind that this decrease purported as a good reason to assume that the measures would be effective in Prunty county as well, is for reported accidents, which might be much lower than the actual number of accidents occurring. We do not have any evidence as to the reliability, accuracy and frequency of the reports received. Specific evidence would be needed to know if the accidents being reported are minor ones, with no serious harm or injury befalling the parties involved or more serious ones. It is possible according to the given evidence that only accidents relating to bicycles, electric scooters, people on skateboards and roller blades and pedestrians are being reported, which does not help in case Prunty county has accidents more frequently among cars, trucks, buses, etc.
Thus, we observe that though the author has presented plausible claims, his assertions are rendered weak and are undermined instead of fortifying them, by weak and vague evidence provided, which leads to fallacious and spurious reasoning. This can be rectified if the author provides specific evidence as stated previously.
Comments
Essay evaluations by e-grader
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 383, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: unchanged
...accidents which he claims have remained unchanged in number. It could be that actually serious and ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1312, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: small
...nty. Maybe Butler county is provincial, small in size which does not see much traffic because...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1375, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...s not see much traffic because of which some of the measures worked. It could also be that ...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 1105, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...equently among cars, trucks, buses, etc.
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, besides, but, however, if, may, regarding, so, well, while, as to, kind of, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 40.0 19.6327345309 204% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 12.9520958084 93% => OK
Conjunction : 26.0 11.1786427146 233% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 27.0 13.6137724551 198% => OK
Pronoun: 42.0 28.8173652695 146% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 117.0 55.5748502994 211% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 22.0 16.3942115768 134% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 4364.0 2260.96107784 193% => OK
No of words: 859.0 441.139720559 195% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.08032596042 5.12650576532 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 5.41375117451 4.56307096286 119% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.60358223574 2.78398813304 94% => OK
Unique words: 347.0 204.123752495 170% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.403958090803 0.468620217663 86% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 1384.2 705.55239521 196% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 11.0 4.96107784431 222% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.76447105788 103% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 2.70958083832 185% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.67365269461 179% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.22255489022 118% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 26.0 19.7664670659 132% => OK
Sentence length: 33.0 22.8473053892 144% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 71.5301484004 57.8364921388 124% => OK
Chars per sentence: 167.846153846 119.503703932 140% => OK
Words per sentence: 33.0384615385 23.324526521 142% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.80769230769 5.70786347227 67% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.15768463074 78% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 4.0 5.25449101796 76% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 8.20758483034 73% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 14.0 6.88822355289 203% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.67664670659 128% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.246918704074 0.218282227539 113% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0746320144344 0.0743258471296 100% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0525980633906 0.0701772020484 75% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.163471208063 0.128457276422 127% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0348403202774 0.0628817314937 55% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 19.0 14.3799401198 132% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 37.98 48.3550499002 79% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 16.2 12.197005988 133% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.78 12.5979740519 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.55 8.32208582834 103% => OK
difficult_words: 178.0 98.500998004 181% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 17.5 12.3882235529 141% => OK
gunning_fog: 15.2 11.1389221557 136% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.9071856287 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 30 minutes.
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 3, column 383, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: unchanged
...accidents which he claims have remained unchanged in number. It could be that actually serious and ...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1312, Rule ID: ADJECTIVE_IN_ATTRIBUTE[1]
Message: A more concise phrase may lose no meaning and sound more powerful.
Suggestion: small
...nty. Maybe Butler county is provincial, small in size which does not see much traffic because...
^^^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 5, column 1375, Rule ID: SOME_OF_THE[1]
Message: Simply use 'some'.
Suggestion: some
...s not see much traffic because of which some of the measures worked. It could also be that ...
^^^^^^^^^^^
Line 7, column 1105, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
...equently among cars, trucks, buses, etc.
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
actually, also, besides, but, however, if, may, regarding, so, well, while, as to, kind of, such as
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 40.0 19.6327345309 204% => Less to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 12.0 12.9520958084 93% => OK
Conjunction : 26.0 11.1786427146 233% => Less conjunction wanted
Relative clauses : 27.0 13.6137724551 198% => OK
Pronoun: 42.0 28.8173652695 146% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 117.0 55.5748502994 211% => Less preposition wanted.
Nominalization: 22.0 16.3942115768 134% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 4364.0 2260.96107784 193% => OK
No of words: 859.0 441.139720559 195% => Less content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.08032596042 5.12650576532 99% => OK
Fourth root words length: 5.41375117451 4.56307096286 119% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.60358223574 2.78398813304 94% => OK
Unique words: 347.0 204.123752495 170% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.403958090803 0.468620217663 86% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 1384.2 705.55239521 196% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.59920159681 100% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 11.0 4.96107784431 222% => Less pronouns wanted as sentence beginning.
Article: 9.0 8.76447105788 103% => OK
Subordination: 5.0 2.70958083832 185% => OK
Conjunction: 3.0 1.67365269461 179% => OK
Preposition: 5.0 4.22255489022 118% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 26.0 19.7664670659 132% => OK
Sentence length: 33.0 22.8473053892 144% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively long.
Sentence length SD: 71.5301484004 57.8364921388 124% => OK
Chars per sentence: 167.846153846 119.503703932 140% => OK
Words per sentence: 33.0384615385 23.324526521 142% => OK
Discourse Markers: 3.80769230769 5.70786347227 67% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 5.15768463074 78% => More paragraphs wanted.
Language errors: 4.0 5.25449101796 76% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 8.20758483034 73% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 14.0 6.88822355289 203% => Less negative sentences wanted.
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.67664670659 128% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.246918704074 0.218282227539 113% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0746320144344 0.0743258471296 100% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0525980633906 0.0701772020484 75% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.163471208063 0.128457276422 127% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0348403202774 0.0628817314937 55% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 19.0 14.3799401198 132% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 37.98 48.3550499002 79% => OK
smog_index: 8.8 7.1628742515 123% => OK
flesch_kincaid_grade: 16.2 12.197005988 133% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.78 12.5979740519 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.55 8.32208582834 103% => OK
difficult_words: 178.0 98.500998004 181% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 17.5 12.3882235529 141% => OK
gunning_fog: 15.2 11.1389221557 136% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.9071856287 76% => OK
What are above readability scores?
---------------------
Write the essay in 30 minutes.
Rates: 66.67 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 4.0 Out of 6
---------------------
Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.