Animal fossils usually provide very little opportunity to study the actual animal tissues, because in fossils the animals' living tissues have been largely replaced by minerals. Thus, scientists were very excited recently when it appeared that a 70-million-year-old fossil of Tyrannosaurus rex (T. rex), a dinosaur, might still contain remains of the actual tissues of the animal. The discovery was made when researchers deliberately broke open the T. rex's leg bone, thereby exposing its insides to reveal materials that seem to be remains of blood vessels, red blood cells, and collagen matrix.
First, the breaking of the fossilized leg bone revealed many small branching channels inside, which probably corresponded to hollows in the bones where blood vessels were once located. The exciting finding was the presence of a soft, flexible organic substance inside the channels. This soft substance may very well represent the remains of the actual blood vessels of T. rex.
Second, microscopic examination of the various parts of the inner bone revealed the presence of spheres that could be the remains of red blood cells. Tests showed that the spheres contained iron - a material vital to the role of red blood cells in transporting oxygen to tissues. Moreover, the spheres had dark red centers (substances with iron tend to be reddish in color) and were also about the size of red blood cells.
Third, scientists performed a test on the dinosaur leg bone that showed that it contained collagen. Collagen is a fibrous protein that is a main component of living bone tissue, in which it forms a so-called collagen matrix. Collagen (or its chemical derivatives) is exactly the kind of biochemical material that one would expect to find in association with bone tissue.
Both the article and the speech discuss about the recent invention of an old fossil of T.rex. The writer of the article believes that there still some existence of actual tissues in the 70 million-year-old fossil due to three specific evidences which are further demonstrated in the passage. However, the speaker takes a skeptical position to these evidences throughout his speech.
First, the article states that the presence of the soft organic substance into the hollows indicate the relics of actual blood vessels of T. rex. However, the narrator refutes the claim and believes that the empty hollows were created for not the presence of blood vessels but for something else like due to the bacteria. Those bacteria traced for foods and left their residuals which the scientists considered as the evidence of blood vessels.
Second, the writer tries to establish his viewpoint with the claim of revealing the existence of red blood cells sized like a sphere which contained iron and dark red centers. He cited that these two evidences indicated the presence of red blood cells. However, the speaker denied the claim and provided evidence of many other pristine animals which didn't contain iron in their red blood cells which indicated that presence of iron didn't indicate the proof. In addition, the speech deliverer also termed the dark red centers as the reddish minerals which clearly weakens the claim of the writer.
Lastly, the author provided the example of the collagen protein to support his position. However, the speaker also refuted the claim and argued that collagen is impossible to find in a species of 70 million old age. Instead he claimed that the identified collagen might come from human who were once tried to examine those fossils within last 1000 years.
To conclude, although the author of the passage tried to establish his position with three specific reasons, the speaker refuted all of those with counter evidence and asked for further clarification to support the point of the author.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 5, column 351, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...ce of many other pristine animals which didnt contain iron in their red blood cells w...
^^^^^
Line 5, column 433, Rule ID: EN_CONTRACTION_SPELLING
Message: Possible spelling mistake found
Suggestion: didn't
...s which indicated that presence of iron didnt indicate the proof. In addition, the sp...
^^^^^
Line 7, column 40, Rule ID: WHITESPACE_RULE
Message: Possible typo: you repeated a whitespace
Suggestion:
... Lastly, the author provided the example of the collagen protein to support his p...
^^
Line 7, column 218, Rule ID: SENT_START_CONJUNCTIVE_LINKING_ADVERB_COMMA[1]
Message: Did you forget a comma after a conjunctive/linking adverb?
Suggestion: Instead,
...ind in a species of 70 million old age. Instead he claimed that the identified collagen...
^^^^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, first, however, if, lastly, second, so, still, in addition
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 4.0 15.1003584229 26% => More to be verbs wanted.
Auxiliary verbs: 1.0 9.8082437276 10% => OK
Conjunction : 8.0 13.8261648746 58% => More conjunction wanted.
Relative clauses : 14.0 11.0286738351 127% => OK
Pronoun: 20.0 43.0788530466 46% => OK
Preposition: 45.0 52.1666666667 86% => OK
Nominalization: 16.0 8.0752688172 198% => OK
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1698.0 1977.66487455 86% => OK
No of words: 332.0 407.700716846 81% => More content wanted.
Chars per words: 5.11445783133 4.8611393121 105% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.2685907696 4.48103885553 95% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.43873249265 2.67179642975 91% => OK
Unique words: 164.0 212.727598566 77% => More unique words wanted.
Unique words percentage: 0.493975903614 0.524837075471 94% => More unique words wanted or less content wanted.
syllable_count: 512.1 618.680645161 83% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.5 1.51630824373 99% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 2.0 9.59856630824 21% => OK
Article: 10.0 3.08781362007 324% => Less articles wanted as sentence beginning.
Subordination: 1.0 3.51792114695 28% => OK
Conjunction: 0.0 1.86738351254 0% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 4.94265232975 40% => More preposition wanted as sentence beginning.
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 14.0 20.6003584229 68% => Need more sentences. Double check the format of sentences, make sure there is a space between two sentences, or have enough periods. And also check the lengths of sentences, maybe they are too long.
Sentence length: 23.0 20.1344086022 114% => OK
Sentence length SD: 46.8793501383 48.9658058833 96% => OK
Chars per sentence: 121.285714286 100.406767564 121% => OK
Words per sentence: 23.7142857143 20.6045352989 115% => OK
Discourse Markers: 4.92857142857 5.45110844103 90% => OK
Paragraphs: 5.0 4.53405017921 110% => OK
Language errors: 4.0 5.5376344086 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 5.0 11.8709677419 42% => More positive sentences wanted.
Sentences with negative sentiment : 3.0 3.85842293907 78% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 6.0 4.88709677419 123% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.0918944683664 0.236089414692 39% => The similarity between the topic and the content is low.
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0333087295778 0.076458572812 44% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0357315834845 0.0737576698707 48% => Sentences are similar to each other.
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0501614458051 0.150856017488 33% => Maybe some paragraphs are off the topic.
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0407859463824 0.0645574589148 63% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 14.5 11.7677419355 123% => OK
flesch_reading_ease: 56.59 58.1214874552 97% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 6.10430107527 51% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 11.1 10.1575268817 109% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.65 10.9000537634 116% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.82 8.01818996416 110% => OK
difficult_words: 85.0 86.8835125448 98% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.002688172 110% => OK
gunning_fog: 11.2 10.0537634409 111% => OK
text_standard: 11.0 10.247311828 107% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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We are expecting: No. of Words: 350 while No. of Different Words: 200
Rates: 73.3333333333 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 22.0 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.