An airship is a type of aircraft that flies using a very large balloon filled with a lighter-than-air gas. Airships were an important means of air transportation before the 1940s but are little used today, having been largely replaced by airplanes and helicopters.However,some aeronautical engineers believe that airships could become popular again because they offer a number of advantages over airplanes and helicopters.
One advantage of airships is that for vertical lift(the force that keeps the ship airborne),they use a balloon that floats rather than an engine.Airplanes and helicopters use engines for both vertical lift and horizontal movement,but airships use engines solely for horizontal movement.So,airships use less fuel than a typical aircraft-thus making their fuel costs more economical.
Another advantage of airships is that they can be used in hard-to-reach locations.Unlike airplanes, airships do not require a long runway for takeoff and landing because of their ability to lift off and land vertically.The only other aircraft capable of ascending into the sky by going straight up and descending straight down to the ground is the helicopter,which can carry only a small amount of weight.Airships,meanwhile,are able to carry very heavy loads.As a result,airships could do jobs that neither airplanes nor helicopters can do,such as carrying heavy logs from forests to distribution centers.
Finally,airships could even be used to replace satellites.Currently, satellites are launched into Earth's orbit carying all kinds of equipment important in telecommunications or in surveying large areas of Earth's surface for military purposes.Since airships can also rise high above the surface and stay there without refueling for a significant amount of time,they could provide services similar to those provided by satellites,and at a considerably cheaper cost.
In the reading passage, the author concentrates on several arguments to prove that airships become popular in the future because of the advantages that they have. However, the lecturer cast doubt on these arguments and respectively points out the problems with the author's assertion. He presented three reasons to show why they can not be useful in the future.
First of all the passage states that airships lift vertically using their floated balloon without an engine. It mentioned that this characteristic helps them to decrease the amount of fuel that they need in comparison to airplanes and choppers. The lecturer, however, highlighted the fact that airships need gases that are lighter than air. Two main materials are hydrogen and helium. The first one is explosive and unsafe, although, the latter is safe but expensive and is not as efficient as hydrogen. As a result, economically, airships will not be cheap facilities.
The next issue discussed in the passage has to do with the ability of airships to lift heavy loads in hard-to-reach locations. The passage believes that they do not need long runaways and take-off and landing like airplanes. On the contrary, the lecturer questioned this reason by presenting a fact about their stability in harsh places. He mentioned airships can not maintain in a stable condition and maintaining a steady state is really hard in practical situations. He referred to hydrogen leakage and its consequences also.
Finally, the passage contends that airships can be utilized instead of satellites by providing the same services that satellites present. The lecturer refutes this idea and says, airships are not ready for this goal, and at 14 km above ground, strong wind is dominated which makes them pretty unstable. As a result, they need more fuel to stay stable to carry telecommunication instruments. Therefore, they can not do the same work that satellites do.
Grammar and spelling errors:
Line 1, column 266, Rule ID: POSSESIVE_APOSTROPHE[2]
Message: Possible typo: apostrophe is missing. Did you mean 'authors'' or 'author's'?
Suggestion: authors'; author's
...tively points out the problems with the authors assertion. He presented three reasons t...
^^^^^^^
Line 3, column 171, Rule ID: NEEDNT_TO_DO_AND_DONT_NEED_DO[3]
Message: Did you mean 'to long'?
Suggestion: to long
... passage believes that they do not need long runaways and take-off and landing like ...
^^^^
Line 3, column 524, Rule ID: ALSO_SENT_END[1]
Message: 'Also' is not used at the end of the sentence. Use 'as well' instead.
Suggestion: as well
...o hydrogen leakage and its consequences also. Finally, the passage contends that a...
^^^^
Transition Words or Phrases used:
also, but, finally, first, however, if, really, so, therefore, as to, as a result, first of all, on the contrary
Attributes: Values AverageValues Percentages(Values/AverageValues)% => Comments
Performance on Part of Speech:
To be verbs : 11.0 10.4613686534 105% => OK
Auxiliary verbs: 9.0 5.04856512141 178% => OK
Conjunction : 12.0 7.30242825607 164% => OK
Relative clauses : 12.0 12.0772626932 99% => OK
Pronoun: 31.0 22.412803532 138% => Less pronouns wanted
Preposition: 38.0 30.3222958057 125% => OK
Nominalization: 3.0 5.01324503311 60% => More nominalizations (nouns with a suffix like: tion ment ence ance) wanted.
Performance on vocabulary words:
No of characters: 1609.0 1373.03311258 117% => OK
No of words: 311.0 270.72406181 115% => OK
Chars per words: 5.17363344051 5.08290768461 102% => OK
Fourth root words length: 4.19942759058 4.04702891845 104% => OK
Word Length SD: 2.85850462417 2.5805825403 111% => OK
Unique words: 178.0 145.348785872 122% => OK
Unique words percentage: 0.572347266881 0.540411800872 106% => OK
syllable_count: 494.1 419.366225166 118% => OK
avg_syllables_per_word: 1.6 1.55342163355 103% => OK
A sentence (or a clause, phrase) starts by:
Pronoun: 6.0 3.25607064018 184% => OK
Article: 10.0 8.23620309051 121% => OK
Subordination: 2.0 1.25165562914 160% => OK
Conjunction: 1.0 1.51434878587 66% => OK
Preposition: 2.0 2.5761589404 78% => OK
Performance on sentences:
How many sentences: 18.0 13.0662251656 138% => OK
Sentence length: 17.0 21.2450331126 80% => The Avg. Sentence Length is relatively short.
Sentence length SD: 34.3423217289 49.2860985944 70% => OK
Chars per sentence: 89.3888888889 110.228320801 81% => OK
Words per sentence: 17.2777777778 21.698381199 80% => OK
Discourse Markers: 6.22222222222 7.06452816374 88% => OK
Paragraphs: 4.0 4.09492273731 98% => OK
Language errors: 3.0 4.19205298013 72% => OK
Sentences with positive sentiment : 6.0 4.33554083885 138% => OK
Sentences with negative sentiment : 5.0 4.45695364238 112% => OK
Sentences with neutral sentiment: 7.0 4.27373068433 164% => OK
What are sentences with positive/Negative/neutral sentiment?
Coherence and Cohesion:
Essay topic to essay body coherence: 0.139644504734 0.272083759551 51% => OK
Sentence topic coherence: 0.0410827969498 0.0996497079465 41% => OK
Sentence topic coherence SD: 0.0517650459176 0.0662205650399 78% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence: 0.0844423776716 0.162205337803 52% => OK
Paragraph topic coherence SD: 0.0552599697948 0.0443174109184 125% => OK
Essay readability:
automated_readability_index: 11.6 13.3589403974 87% => Automated_readability_index is low.
flesch_reading_ease: 54.22 53.8541721854 101% => OK
smog_index: 3.1 5.55761589404 56% => Smog_index is low.
flesch_kincaid_grade: 9.9 11.0289183223 90% => OK
coleman_liau_index: 12.41 12.2367328918 101% => OK
dale_chall_readability_score: 8.74 8.42419426049 104% => OK
difficult_words: 84.0 63.6247240618 132% => OK
linsear_write_formula: 11.0 10.7273730684 103% => OK
gunning_fog: 8.8 10.498013245 84% => OK
text_standard: 9.0 11.2008830022 80% => OK
What are above readability scores?
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Rates: 85.0 out of 100
Scores by essay e-grader: 25.5 Out of 30
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Note: the e-grader does NOT examine the meaning of words and ideas. VIP users will receive further evaluations by advanced module of e-grader and human graders.